<p>The Almon Asbury Lieuallen House was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. Located at 101 S. Almon St. in Moscow, Idaho in Latah County the house was built in 1884. The structure has a mansard roof and two-story bays on either side of the entrance. The structure originally had a smaller covered porch, and the bays were more visible than at present. A small railed balcony atop the porch was accessible by a door on the second floor. That door has been replaced by a window, and the porch expanded to cover the entire east side of the facade. Additional dormer windows have been added on the third floor to provide additional lighting and ventilation for the top floor. The structure has always been used as a residence, first as a family home, then as apartments. It is currently used as multi-family apartments.</p><br>
<p>The wooden structure was built outside the town of Moscow on his farm and occupied by Almon Asbury Lieuallen and his family. One of the early settlers of Moscow, he operated one of the first stores and was postmaster in 1876. Together with James Deakin, Henry McGregor, and John Russell, he donated one-quarter of the one-hundred and 20 acre which became the city center of Moscow.</p><br>
<p>The Back River volcanic complex is an Archean stratovolcano in the Northwest Territories of Canada. It is located 480 km northwest of Yellowknife and to the northwest of the Back River from which it takes its name. The volcano constitutes the Back Group of the Yellowknife Supergroup and is somewhat anomalous in the Slave craton because it has undergone only a low degree of deformation and is subhorizontal. The southern half of the complex is exposed at the crest of a small dome. This is the eroded portion of the stratovolcano that has been preserved in an upright position. The complex comprises four volcanic sedimentary sequences  that correspond to the phases of growth and destruction of this stratovolcano.</p><br>
<h2>Innerring</h2><br>
<p>The Innerring sequence, which constitutes the oldest rocks of the complex, represents the upper part of an eroded early phase of the volcano (U-Pb zircon igneous age of 2.708 Gigaannum (Ga)).</p><br>
<h2>Thlewyco</h2><br>
<p>The Thlewyco sequence represents the main construction phase of the volcano and forms an outward dipping, annular succession around the Innerring sequence, with an aggregate thickness of 2,500 m-5,000 m. Its stratigraphy changes dramatically around the crator, varying from five cycles of andesitic and rhylotic lava, followed by succession of volcanistic debris on the north side; to 30 subarial andesitic flows and rare pyroclastic and epivolcaniclastic units on the eastern side; to interlayered dacitic and andesitic lava and tuff overlain by a thick succession of voluminous, nonwelded, ash-flow tuff and volcaniclastic rocks on the south side. Volcanism in this sequence ended with the eruption of large rhyolite and dacite dome-flow complexes (U-Pb zircon dated at 2.692 Ga).</p><br>
<p>The Innerring and Thlewycho sequences represent a complex history of explosive eruptions from numerous eruptive centers.</p><br>
<h2>Boucher-Regan</h2><br>
<p>The Boucher-Regan sequence, with its predominance of pillowed lava flows, suggests that this northern-flank of the volcano was submerged during deposition.</p><br>
<h2>Kelsh</h2><br>
<p>The Kelsh sequence on the northwestern side comprises epiclastic volcarenite, rhyolite-dacite block breccia from lava domes, polymict breccia, and a conglomerate of andesite, dacite-rhyolite clasts, and andesitic tuff. The exposed succession consists of iron-formation, oolitic-stromatolitic carbonate, sulphidic volcaniclastic rocks and graphitic slate that marks the end of volcanism. The Kelsh sequence forms a broad apron that is interpreted as a shallow, submarine to subaerial, clastic fan derived by degradation of the volcanic pile (U-Pb zircon dated at 2.586 Ga).</p><br>
<h2>Age</h2><br>
<p>Age determinations in the Black River complex are similar to the ages of volcanic rock found in the upper Kam Group of the Yellowknife greenstone belt as well as other volcanic centers in the western Slave province. Detrital zircon geochronology on turbiditic sequences confirm a secondary deposition of turbidite units at ca. 2.62-2.60 Ga that was widespread throughout the Slave province.</p><br>
<p>Rawal Lake  in Pakistan is an artificial reservoir that provides the water needs for the cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Korang River along with some other small streams coming from Margalla Hills have been set to form this artificial lake which covers an area of 8.8 km². Korang River is the outlet stream of Rawal Dam. Rawal Lake is located within an isolated section of the Village Malpur, Bani Gala and Margalla Hills National Park.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>The area around the lake has been planted with flowering trees and laid out with gardens, picnic spots, and secluded paths.</p><br>
<p>The terraced garden and the lake are used for picnics, fishing and boating. The highest point in the garden offers a panoramic view of the lake, Margalla and Murree hills, Rawalpindi and Islamabad.</p><br>
<p>Boating, sailing, water skating and diving facilities are organized by private clubs.</p><br>
<p>To the west of the lake is the Islamabad Club, which offers different sporting facilities.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>The reservoir is of considerable importance for wintering waterfowl, especially Anas platyrhynchos.</p><br>
<p>Resident mammals include the common Fox, Pangolin, Porcupine, Jungle cat, Jackal, Wild boar and yellow-throated marten.</p><br>
<p>Reptiles include Indian Cobra and Russell&#39;s Viper.</p><br>
<p>It is a good place for birds watching, as the majority of Birds of Islamabad are found here.</p><br>
<h2>Fishery</h2><br>
<p>There are 15 fish species belonging to 11 genera that are present in Rawal Lake. The fish species in Rawal lake and its tributaries include: Doula (Channa channa), Rahu</p><br>
<p>(Labeorohita), Thaila (Catla catla), Mori(Cirrhinus mrigala), Carp fish (Cyprinus carpio)and Talapia(Tilapia mossambica).</p><br>
<h2>Features of Rawal Lake</h2><br>
<p>Location: Islamabad Park Area</p><br>
<p>Longitude: 73° 7&#39; E</p><br>
<p>Latitude: 33° 41&#39; N</p><br>
<p>Catchments Area: 106.25 square miles (275 km²)</p><br>
<h2>Features of Rawal Lake dam</h2><br>
<p>Type of dam: partly arched gravity dam (stone masonry)</p><br>
<p>Crest level: 1,742 ft</p><br>
<p>Crest length: 700 ft</p><br>
<p>Maximum height: 133.5 ft</p><br>
<h3>Saddle</h3><br>
<p>Length 6,991 ft</p><br>
<p>Height 24 ft</p><br>
<h3>Spillway</h3><br>
<p>Type: Ogee gated structure</p><br>
<p>Discharge Capacity: 82000 ft³/s (2,300 m³/s)</p><br>
<h3>Reservoir</h3><br>
<p>Area: 3 square miles</p><br>
<p>Maximum depth: 102 ft</p><br>
<p>Live storage: 37,500 acre.ft</p><br>
<p>Dead storage: 4,500 acre.ft</p><br>
<p>Gross capacity: 42,000 acre.ft</p><br>
<h3>Canals</h3><br>
<p>Left bank canal(Shahana Disty): length 5 mi</p><br>
<p>Capacity: 40 ft³/s (1.1 m³/s)</p><br>
<p>* Purpose: Irrigation</p><br>
<p>Right bank canal (Ojri Disty): length 1.5 mi</p><br>
<p>Capacity: 70 ft³/s (2.0 m³/s)</p><br>
<p>* Purpose: Drinking water supply to Rawalpindi</p><br>
<h3>Drinking water supply</h3><br>
<p>Rawalpindi: 22.00 e6USgal/d</p><br>
<h3>Command area</h3><br>
<p>Agriculture: 500 acre</p><br>
<p>The Hill of Ward  is a hill in County Meath, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The hill lies between Athboy (to the west) and Ráth Chairn (to the east). During medieval times it was the site of great festivals, including one at which winter fires were lit at Samhain, the forerunner of the modern Halloween. It is associated with the figure Tlachtga, a druidess in Irish mythology who is said to have given birth to triplets on the hill.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Hill of Ward is the site of an Iron Age earthen ringfort, which was in later times associated with the Kings of Mide of and of Munster. The hill featured in Irish tales of Tlachtga and her father Mug Ruith, who was said to have ridden his flying machine roth rámach over it. In 1168 High King Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair held a massive gathering at the site.</p><br>
<p>The hill got its English name from a landowner, Ward, who had been evicted from his land during the invasion of Oliver Cromwell in 1649. The land was given to a Roundhead soldier. The Ward family, whose forebears were landowners of the hill and after whom the hill was named, are living in County Meath today.</p><br>
<p>Recent archaeological work has been done on the site, confirming that it was used as a ritual site for many years.</p><br>
<p>The Englehart Melchinger House in the borough of Dover, York County, Pennsylvania, is the restored home of a prominent 19th Century businessman, Englehart Melchinger. It was built about 1852, and is a rectangular brick building with Greek Revival and Italianate design details. It features an entrance portico with Doric order columns, heavy scroll brackets, and a paneled frieze; and cast iron lintels.</p><br>
<p>Melchinger was the son of Israel Melchinger, an American Revolutionary War Hessian soldier who settled in Dover after the war rather than returning to Germany. Upon his fathers death in 1834; Englehart assumed the role of the towns postmaster. He amassed personal wealth through several business ventures, including a lumber company.</p><br>
<p>Melchinger was among the large group of Dover residents who suffered losses when Confederate cavalry under J.E.B. Stuart occupied the town on the morning of July 1, 1863, during the Gettysburg Campaign. However, the loss of horses and personal property did not have a significant financial effect, and Melchinger prospered.</p><br>
<p>The home, at 5 North Main Street (Pennsylvania State Route 74), was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 12, 1992.</p><br>
<p>Englehart Melchinger House from SE (rear) Dover PA.JPGRear view</p><br>
<p>Englehart Melchinger House from S Dover PA.JPGView from the south</p><br>
<p>Franklin Glacier Volcano is a deeply eroded and huge 20 km long and 6 km wide caldera complex in southwestern British Columbia, Canada, located east-southeast of the Silverthrone Caldera in the Hoodoo Creek and Franklin Glacier area on the northwest flank of the Waddington Massif of the Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains. Franklin Glacier Volcano consists of a series of dikes and high-level magma intrusions.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<h3>Origins</h3><br>
<p>The still largely unexplained tectonic causes of the volcanism that has produced Franklin Glacier Volcano are a matter of ongoing research. Franklin is not above a hotspot as are Nazko or Hawaii. However, with the existence of andesite, basalt, and rhyodacite, it may be a product of the Cascadia subduction zone because such volcanic rocks are products of subduction volcanism. At issue are the current plate configuration and rate of subduction but Franklin&#39;s chemistry indicates that Franklin is subduction related.</p><br>
<h3>Eruptive history</h3><br>
<p>The eruptive history of Franklin Glacier Volcano is poorly known and poorly understood. Potassium-argon dates from some of the high-level intrusions indicate Franklin Glacier Volcano has had at least two distinct eruptive events. The first event began between six and eight million years ago, and the other between two and three million years ago, indicating Franklin Glacier Volcano has long periods of inactivity and has a period of activity about every three million years. At least some intrusions of Franklin Glacier Volcano were sources for the two distinct volcanic events. Volcanics include dacite breccia, minor lava flows, tuffs, and scarce remnants of hornblende andesite lava flows that reach thicknesses of 450 m.</p><br>
<p>Fort Antes was a stockade surrounding the home of Colonel John Henry Antes, built circa 1778 in Revolutionary Pennsylvania in the United States. The fort was built under the direction of Colonel Antes, who was a member of the Pennsylvania militia. It was on the east side of Antes Creek, overlooking and on the left bank of the West Branch Susquehanna River on a plateau in Nippenose Township south of modern day Jersey Shore in western Lycoming County. The local militia held the fort for a short period of time until it was ordered to abandon Fort Antes during the Big Runaway by Colonel Samuel Hunter. Despite being abandoned and attempts by the attacking British forces to burn it down, Fort Antes was one of only two structures in the valley to survive the Big Runaway.</p><br>
<h2>John Henry Antes</h2><br>
<p>John Henry Antes settled along the West Branch Susquehanna River circa 1772. His property was on the very edge of the Pennsylvania frontier. Antes’ neighbors on the north side of the West Branch Susquehanna and west of Lycoming Creek were outside the jurisdiction of the colonial government of Pennsylvania. They banded together to form the Fair Play Men. Antes, as a Justice of the Peace for what was then Northumberland County, worked closely with the Fair Play Men. He conducted their weddings and his stockade provided some protection against raids conducted by local Native Americans, who began fighting back against the encroachment of the Europeans. Antes built a gristmill along Antes Creek in 1773. It was the most advanced construction of any kind in frontier north-central Pennsylvania. John Henry Antes served as a Justice of the Peace from July 29, 1775 until January 24, 1776 when he was appointed captain of 58 militiamen under Colonel James Potter. After participating in a raid conducted by Colonel William Plunket against settlers from Connecticut in the Wyoming Valley near Wilkes-Barre, Antes returned to his gristmill, home and future fort in mid-1777. He also was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel that same year.</p><br>
<h2>Frontier Outpost</h2><br>
<p>The Lenape allies of the British began conducting raids on the Pennsylvania frontier soon after the outset of the American Revolution. An attack at the mouth of Pine Creek in December 1777 and another attack further upstream, near modern Lock Haven, prompted action by Pennsylvanias militia to try to protect the frontiersmen on the West Branch Susquehanna River. Colonel Samuel Hunter ordered Colonel Antes to gather a force of men from the West Branch Valley to gather at Antes property. The men of the militia built a stockade that was at least 12 feet (4 m) high around the Antes home. The stockade enclosed approximately three quarters of an acre (3,000 m²). Colonel Antes was forced to defend an extensive frontier that was under steady attack from Native American and Tory forces that were dispatched to Pennsylvania from Fort Niagara on Lake Ontario in New York.</p><br>
<p>Two settlers who were staying near Fort Antes were killed in June 1777. A party of four men and two women had left the safety of the fort and crossed the West Branch of the Susquehanna River to milk some cows that had been left there to pasture. Zephaniah Miller, Abel Cady, and James Armstrong left the riverbank and meadow to gather a cow who had wandered into the surrounding woods. These three men came under attack by a group of warriors who had been hiding in the woods. Sounds of fighting stirred the men at the fort. They crossed the river despite the objections of Colonel Antes who thought that the Native Americans might have set a trap. Upon reaching the other side of the river, the militiamen found Miller dead and Cady and Armstrong mortally wounded. Only Bouser and the women, one of them Cady&#39;s wife, survived the attack. This was just one of many attacks in the West Branch Valley that continued to make life more dangerous for the settlers, who were encroaching on tribal land.</p><br>
<p>All of these attacks and the lack of military help from the Pennsylvania government disheartened the settlers along the West Branch of the Susquehanna. News of impending attacks caused much worry among the settlers and the leaders of the militia. This news was provided by a friendly Native American named Job Chilloway at Fort Reed (modern Lock Haven), who had been converted to Christianity by Moravian missionaries. The Wyoming Valley battle and massacre occurred on July 3, 1778 (near what is now Wilkes-Barre). A mass attack there first overwhelmed small settler forts, followed by a massacre of many of the women and children who had taken refuge there. This news caused the local authorities to order the evacuation of the whole West Branch valley. Although Colonel Antes and his men were successful in building Fort Antes, they were forced to abandon their efforts in July 1778 during the Big Runaway. The raiding parties of Indians and Tories were too numerous for the militia and farmers to defend their lives and property.</p><br>
<h2>The Big Runaway</h2><br>
<p>Robert Covenhoven, who had served under George Washington in the Continental Army, rode west along the ridge of Bald Eagle Mountain to warn settlers and the militia at Fort Antes. Covenhoven followed the ridge for two reasons: first, experience told him that the Native Americans would not be on the level summit of the ridge, thus making him safe from personal attack, and second, he would be able to scout the situation in the valley from atop the ridge. Covenhoven, who was joined by an unnamed employee of Culbertson&#39;s Mill in modern Duboistown, was able to see Fort Antes from the ridge. As he slowly approached the stockade, Covenhoven heard the report of a rifle shot and made a run for the fort thinking that he was under fire. This proved to be false - although there were Native Americans in the area and one did fire his weapon, the fire was not aimed at Robert Covenhoven. Instead, a young woman outside the stockade milking a cow was the target, as evidenced by the bullet hole that pierced the folds of her dress. After giving the orders that prompted the Big Runaway, Covenhoven returned to Fort Augusta.</p><br>
<p>Most settlers had already gathered at Fort Antes, prior to Covenhovens arrival, but now the fort and the settlers homes and fields were abandoned, with livestock driven along and a few possessions floated on rafts on the river east to what is now Muncy, then further south to Fort Augusta at what is now Sunbury. Women and children rode on the rafts, while the men walked on the river bank to protect them and to drive along the livestock they had been able to save. Their abandoned property was burnt by the attackers. Some settlers reported fleeing at night, with the glow of their burning settlements lighting the sky behind them.</p><br>
<p>Fort Horn and the other Fair Play Men settlements were all destroyed. Only Fort Antes (made of hard-to-burn peeled oak logs) and the fortified Wallis House (made of stone) in Muncy Township survived the flames. The property losses were estimated at £40,000, and there were deaths among the settlers. Colonel Hunter, the commander of Fort Augusta who had ordered the mass evacuation, was criticized roundly. Many at the time felt that military assistance would have allowed the settlers to withstand the attackers.</p><br>
<h2>Post war years</h2><br>
<p>Colonel Henry Antes was one of the first settlers to return to the West Branch Valley following the Big Runaway. He found that his mill had been destroyed, but that his home within the fort had not. Antes soon built a larger home on Antes Creek and the fort was abandoned. It gradually decayed before being dismantled. The ground was leveled and then farmed, and today there are no remnants of Fort Antes to be seen above the ground. Colonel Antes was elected the sheriff of Northumberland County in 1782, thirteen years before Lycoming County was established. John Henry Antes died on May 18, 1820 when he was 83 years old.</p><br>
<p>Capshaw Mountain is a mountain located in Harvest, Alabama. Capshaw Mountain forms a watershed that provides the water supply for the community. It extends upwards about 800 feet above the general elevation in the area. It is not part of the Cumberland Plateau.</p><br>
<h2>Communications Towers</h2><br>
<p>The top of this small mountain is the site of three tall communications towers used by local radio stations, television stations, wireless phone companies, state agencies, and other private companies. The elevation of Capshaw Mountain and its location make it uniquely valuable as the site for regional communications. From its towers, line of sight communications may be achieved as far as Nashville, Tennessee and Birmingham, Alabama. To the west this extends well into Mississippi and to the east to Chattanooga, Tennessee. The extent of such communications covers an area of nearly 125 miles (200 km) radially around the community.</p><br>
<p>The Oregon Coast Range, often called simply the Coast Range and sometimes the Pacific Coast Range, is a mountain range, in the Pacific Coast Ranges physiographic region, in the USA state of Oregon along the Pacific Ocean. This north-south running range extends over 200 mi from the Columbia River in the north on the border of Oregon and Washington, south to the middle fork of the Coquille River. It is 30 to 60 mi wide and averages around 1,500 ft in elevation above sea level. The coast range has three main sections, a Northern, Central, and Southern.</p><br>
<p>The oldest portions of the range are over 60 million years old, with volcanics and a forearc basin as the primary mountain building processes responsible for the range. It is part of the larger grouping known as the Pacific Coast Ranges that extends over much of the western edge of North America from California to Alaska. The range creates a rain shadow effect for the Willamette Valley that lies to the east of the mountains, creating a more stable climate and significantly less rain than the coastal region of the state. To the west where the range over-shadows the Oregon Coast, the range causes more precipitation to fall on that side of the mountains, contributing to the numerous rivers that flow to the Pacific Ocean.</p><br>
<p>Marys Peak in the Central Coast Range is the highest peak at 4,097 feet (1,248 m). Logging is a major industry in the range in both private and government owned forests. Both the state and federal government manage forests in the Oregon Coast Range. The mountains are home to a variety of wildlife including black bear, elk, deer, beaver, many species of birds, and bats among others. Fish, including salmon and trout, and other aquatic life inhabit the streams and rivers flowing through the range.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Volcanic activity approximately 66 million years ago in the Cretaceous Period created offshore islands beginning in the southern portion of the current range. These Roseburg volcanics were followed by the Siletz River Volcanics in the northern portions of the range, and lastly a series of basalt flows from the Columbia River basalts also added to these formations with some smaller flows in-between. Much of the formations are the result of pillow basalt formations created when a hot basalt flow rapidly cooled upon meeting the salt water of the ocean. These deposits offshore were then pushed into the continental plate as a forearc basin rotating slowly over millions of years. This tectonic collision forced the basalt formations (and newer sedimentary rock formations that include marine terrace deposits) upward and created the coastal range.</p><br>
<p>Additional basalt flows originated from Eastern Oregon and added to the layers that were uplifted, as the newer Cascade Mountains had not yet been formed. By the Early Oligocene period c. 30 million years ago the current coastline was in place and erosion has continued to shape the range. primarily through rivers cutting deep valleys through the igneous and sedimentary rocks.</p><br>
<p>The geologic boundaries of the coast range formation extend from southwest Washington state in the north to around the Coquille River in the south where the older and taller Klamath Mountains begin. In the east the mountains begin as foothills forming the western edge of the Willamette Valley and continue west to the coastline and beyond where the basalt formation tapers off into the continental shelf and ends at the continental slope with several banks and basins off shore.</p><br>
<p>Physiographically, they are a section of the larger Pacific Border province, which in turn are part of the larger Pacific Mountain System physiographic division.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>A mild maritime climate prevails throughout the range with temperature and precipitation varying due to elevation and distance from the coastline.</p><br>
<p>Characteristic of the climate include cool dry summers followed by mild and wet winters. The majority of precipitation accumulates in the form of rain, with snow during the winter months at the higher elevations, but no permanent snow pack. Annual precipitation differs from 60 in in some parts to up to 120 in, with the higher amounts coming in the higher elevations. The average high temperature in January is 36.3 °F (2.4 °C), and the average high in July is 61.9 °F (16.6 °C) with temperatures also varying by elevation. The further inland and the more southerly portions have a more Mediterranean climate that is more similar to the climate of the Willamette Valley. The Coast Range creates a rain shadow effect by forcing moisture laden clouds to rise by expelling moisture. This shields the Willamette Valley and causes a more even climate with mild winters and less precipitation than the Oregon Coast.</p><br>
<h2>Sections</h2><br>
<p>The Oregon Coast Range is divided into three separate sections: North, Central, and South. In the south is the oldest portion of the range with formation beginning in the Paleocene era with the Roseburg volcanics, while the newest section is the northernmost portion formed first with the Siletz River Volcanics.</p><br>
<h3>North</h3><br>
<p>Located in the northwest portion of Oregon this section of the range has peaks as high as 3,706 ft for Rogers Peak. Forests here are considered to be some of the most productive timber land in the world. Trees include primarily Sitka spruce, western redcedar, Douglas-fir, and western hemlock. Other plants include huckleberry, salmonberry, salal, vine maple, Oregon grape, bracken fern, and thimble-berry among others. The northern boundary is the Columbia River, with some mountainous features on the north side of the river, and continues south for approximately 100 mi to the Salmon River where Oregon Route 18 crosses the range from the Willamette Valley to the Oregon Coast with width roughly 35 mi.</p><br>
<h3>Central</h3><br>
<p>Located between the Salmon River and the Umpqua River on the north and south, the Central range is bounded by the Willamette Valley on the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. This approximately 90 mi long mountain range contains mountains as high as 4,097 feet (1,248 m) for Marys Peak. Portions of the range are inside the Siuslaw National Forest along with three designated wilderness areas: Drift Creek Wilderness, Cummins Creek Wilderness and the Rock Creek Wilderness. Larger animals that live in these section include deer, elk, bobcat, and bear. Bear are black bear while deer are mule and black-tailed deer species. Other mammals here are mountain beaver, beavers, coyote, mink, river otter, mountain lion, porcupines, skunks, and brush rabbit.</p><br>
<h3>South</h3><br>
<p>The southernmost section of the Coast Range is located in the southwest portion of Oregon between the middle fork of the Coquille River in the south and the Umpqua River on the north. Oregon Route 38 is the general divide between the Central and Southern portions of the Coast Range. Approximately 55 mi long, the section contains mountains as high as 3,547 ft for Bone Mountain. On the south the Coquille River’s middle fork provides the general dividing line between the Central Range and the Klamath Mountains to the south and east.</p><br>
<p>Birds living in the Southern Coast Range include a variety of smaller and larger bird species. The threatened northern spotted owl also inhabit the mountain forests. Animal life in the rivers, streams, and lakes include lamprey, coastal cutthroat trout, dace, Umpqua chub, frogs, salamander, turtles, coho salmon, steelhead trout, and others.</p><br>
<h2>Peaks</h2><br>
<p>Five tallest peaks in the Oregon Coast Range:</p><br>
<p>Marys Peak, 4,101 feet</p><br>
<p>Rogers Peak, 3,706 feet</p><br>
<p>Grass Mountain, 3,615 feet, 44&deg;25&prime;25.99&Prime;N latitude, 123&deg;40&prime;25.46&Prime;W longitude</p><br>
<p>Laurel Mountain, 3,592 feet, 44&deg;55&prime;23.85&Prime;N latitude, 123&deg;34&prime;23.51&Prime;W longitude</p><br>
<p>Bone Mountain, 3,547 feet</p><br>
<h2>Rivers</h2><br>
<p>The following rivers have their headwaters in the Oregon Coast Range:</p><br>
<p>Drains to Pacific Ocean:</p><br>
<p>Alsea River</p><br>
<p>Coos River</p><br>
<p>Coquille River</p><br>
<p>D River</p><br>
<p>Kilchis River</p><br>
<p>Little Nestucca River</p><br>
<p>Miami River</p><br>
<p>Necanicum River</p><br>
<p>Nehalem River</p><br>
<p>Nestucca River</p><br>
<p>Salmonberry River</p><br>
<p>Salmon River</p><br>
<p>Siletz River</p><br>
<p>Siltcoos River</p><br>
<p>Siuslaw River</p><br>
<p>Smith River</p><br>
<p>Tillamook River</p><br>
<p>Trask River</p><br>
<p>Umpqua River</p><br>
<p>Wilson River</p><br>
<p>Yachats River</p><br>
<p>Yaquina River</p><br>
<p>Drains to Columbia River:</p><br>
<p>Clatskanie River</p><br>
<p>John Day River</p><br>
<p>Klaskanine River</p><br>
<p>Lewis and Clark River</p><br>
<p>Skipanon River</p><br>
<p>Wallooskee River</p><br>
<p>Youngs River</p><br>
<p>Drains to Willamette River:</p><br>
<p>Coast Fork Willamette River</p><br>
<p>Long Tom River</p><br>
<p>Luckiamute River</p><br>
<p>Marys River</p><br>
<p>Tualatin River</p><br>
<p>Yamhill River</p><br>
<p>Barlow Pass  is a mountain pass on the west side of the Cascades in Washington on the Mountain Loop Highway between Silverton and Darrington. It is a popular trail head for access to the old mining town of Monte Cristo and has a branch off to hike up to Gothic Basin, which is about a mile in.</p><br>
<p>The mining boom at Monte Cristo, starting in 1890, resulted in the need for access to the remote town. In 1891 a wagon road was built along the Sauk River, from the Skagit River to Monte Cristo. That same year it was discovered that Monte Cristo could be accessed via the South Fork Stillaguamish River. A surveyor named J.Q. Barlow blazed a route from Silverton to Monte Cristo. Mining interests funded further work and soon a wagon road was built over Barlow Pass to join the Sauk wagon road. Later a railroad would be built over the same route.</p><br>
<p>Manitou Island is a small island in Lake Superior, off the northeastern tip of the Keweenaw Peninsula in the USA state of Michigan. It is part of Grant Township, in Keweenaw County. Located approximately three miles from the mainland, it encompasses around 1,000 acre. Manitou has seen limited impact from human activity, due to its remote location and the often-treacherous waters caused by a strong current at the peninsula’s tip. It is mostly forested, with scattered bogs and an inland lake known as "Perch Lake." Dense underbrush can make travel around the island rather difficult, though a few unimproved trails do exist.</p><br>
<p>The Keweenaw Land Trust protects 93 acre of the island as the Manitou Island Light Station Preserve.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Test pits have been found on the island, hinting at a short-lived past as a possible mining site. Though trees abound, Manitou&#39;s remoteness and its lack of quality timber make logging economically unfeasible. Commercial fisherman have used the island as a camping site in the past, staying overnight on the south beaches while setting their nets in the area. Today public access is facilitated by a timber and rock crib dock near the old lighthouse.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in 2002, Manitou Island became the focus of an effort by local birdwatchers to explore and document the various avian species there. Approximately 203 separate species have been recorded, including large numbers of migratory raptors and waterbirds. Observers have also compiled a "list of over 80 species as at least possible breeders." Organized orservations by the Keweenaw Audubon Society are now happening regularly. Efforts to investigate this unique habitat and its feathered residents are ongoing, in conjunction with the conservation activities of the Land Trust.</p><br>
<p>The large number of avian visitors should be understood in the larger context of other sites around Michigan and the Great Lakes. This would include Peninsula Point Light, Tawas Point State Park and Whitefish Point Light/Whitefish Point Bird Observatory (which contains a lighthouse configured like this one). Important Bird Areas are found in many parts of Michigan.</p><br>
<h2>Lighthouses</h2><br>
<h3>Manitou Island Light Station</h3><br>
<p>Manitou Islands most important use to date has been the Manitou Island Light Station on its eastern tip. First built in 1849, this lighthouse is still in use, although it is unmanned and solar powered. The island is presently in the custody of the Keweenaw Land Trust, which acquired the Light Station and surrounding land in 2004. The new owners have announced plans to encourage public use of Manitou through camping, rock collecting, hiking, boating, kayaking, fishing, and sightseeing at the old light station, while preserving the islands unspoilt scenery and natural habitats.</p><br>
<h3>Gull Rock</h3><br>
<p>Gull Rock, a tiny islet about one-half mile off Manitou&#39;s western tip, contains a historic lighthouse built in 1867 which still functions (like the Manitou light) as an unattended navigational aid. Recently a local preservation society acquired the islet and its dilapidated light station, with a view to its ultimate restoration.</p><br>
<p>The Graduate College at Princeton University is a residential college which serves as the center of graduate student life at Princeton, and also as the home of the current Dean of the Graduate School, Dr. Sanjeev R. Kulkarni.</p><br>
<p>Thomson College, the central quadrangle now commonly known as the Old Graduate College, is a memorial to United States Senator John R. Thomson 1817 provided by a bequest left by his widow, Mrs. J. A. W. Thomson Swann, the Graduate College&#39;s first benefactor.</p><br>
<p>It was dedicated on October 22, 1913, during the tenure of the first dean of the Graduate School, Andrew Fleming West, and was the first residential college in the United States devoted solely to postgraduate liberal studies. The group of Collegiate Gothic buildings was designed by Ralph Adams Cram and located on a hill, one-half mile west of the main campus. Its most prominent architectural landmark is the 173-ft-high Cleveland Tower, which features one of the largest carillons in the United States. Cleveland Tower adjoins the Old Graduate College, which also includes Procter Hall, the Van Dyke Library, Pyne Tower, and North Court. In 1962, the New Graduate College (colloquially, "new GC") was built to expand the Old Graduate College to the south-west, although it features a more modern architectural style.</p><br>
<p>The Graduate College currently houses approximately 430 graduate students, mostly in their first-year of graduate study. It was recently featured in the movie Admission and will feature in Runner, Runner, with Ben Affleck.</p><br>
<p>The Lanier Mansion is the 1844 Greek Revival home of James F. D. Lanier, located at 601 West First Street in the Madison Historic District of Madison, Indiana. The home was designed by architect Francis Costigan of Madison.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The mansion was built in strict accordance with the Greek Revival style of architecture. Testimony to this is that the right door on a pair of doors opens only into a wall; the right door was necessary so that the left door would have a match.</p><br>
<p>Lanier only lived at the property for seven years, afterward he moved to New York. In 1861 his son Alexander moved into the home, and lived there until 1895. It would remain with the family until 1917 when James youngest son Charles gave it as the Lanier Memorial Museum to Jefferson County Historical Society. In 1925 the society, with the familys blessing, gave control of it to the state, which promptly opened it publicly as a historic house museum. It is located in the Madison Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Crna Bara  is a village in Serbia, in the Mačva region. Administratively it belongs to the municipality of Bogatić. According to the 2002 census, the village had 2,270 residents. It lies near the confluence of Drina river into Sava.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The village is in the far northwest of Mačve, located at the mouth of the Drina River in Savu. Farmland is about 2.772 - - of which the major part is located in a floodplain where the Drina and Sava rivers during floods and covered more than 2,000 acres.</p><br>
<p>The village is populated urban type with 19 streets and 4 correct intersection. All streets in the village are paved and street lighting covered about 30% of the settlements. Field roads are in very good condition.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Famous people from Crna Bara include the Serbian historian Milos Milojevic and Serbian soldier Vuk Isaković. Milojevic (Crna Bara, October 16, 1840 - Belgrade, June 24, 1897) was a Serbian historian, politician and writer.</p><br>
<p>Janko Veselinovic, a writer, wrote the novel Hajduk Stanko: historical novel in three parts, in 1896, with the action taking place in the Montenegro Bari</p><br>
<h2>Culture and contemporary life</h2><br>
<p>In the village there is an eight-year-old school " Janko Veselinovic" with a branch in Glogovac and Sovljak, St. Vaznesenija ( village celebrates the Spasovdan ), a post office with an automatic telephone exchange with over 600 subscribers, health center, veterinary station.</p><br>
<p>Cultural event "Hajdučke večeri" is held every year in early August. It was once one of the biggest cultural events in the country, gathering up to 100,000 visitors.</p><br>
<p>The village was in 1735. The St. George &#39;s church was consecrated 1732nd year for which awareness is credited Vuk Isakovič.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>In the village of Crna Bara live 1836 adult population, and the average age is 42.4 years (41.6 for men and 43.1 for women). The village has 683 households, and the average number of persons per household is 3.32.</p><br>
<p>This village is almost entirely populated by Serbs (according to the 2002 census), and in the last three censuses there was decline in population.</p><br>
<p>The village has 680 households and 988 houses, as there are many abandoned houses, and there are plenty of weekend houses in two weekend settlements "Vasin Šib" on the Drina (has electricity) and "Confluence" at the confluence of the Drina and Sava rivers (without electricity).</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>An area along the bank of the Drina, named "Vasin Šib" developed into the weekend-settlement. It has a hotel "Cer", motel "Mačvanska kuća", several restaurants and bungalows. Several sports fields are also built.</p><br>
<p>The Titche-Goettinger Building is one of Dallas&#39; original broad-front department stores located along St. Paul Street between Main and Elm Street in downtown Dallas, Texas . The structure currently houses apartments, retail space, and the Universities Center at Dallas. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is a contributing property in the Harwood Historic District and Main Street District. It is also located across the street from Main Street Garden Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1902, Edward Titche formed a partnership with Max Goettinger and the two established Titche-Goettinger, a department store, on the southeast corner of Elm and Murphy Streets in downtown Dallas. By 1904, operations had outgrown the Elm/Murphy location and the store moved to the year-old Wilson Building. By 1928, the store had again outgrown itself and construction began on a new building two blocks east in an area known as "Uptown".</p><br>
<p>Located along St. Paul between Elm and Main, the new flagship building designed by noted architect George Dahl opened in November 1929 as one of the largest department stores in the Southwest. It consisted of seven floors plus basement and sub-basement. The exterior was clad in Indiana Limestone with Italian Florentine detail in Renaissance Revival style, while the inside featured Art Deco design elements.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the building was set up like current department stores of its day. The basement was used as a retail space featuring "popularly priced" merchandise. The first floor sold impulse goods such as gloves, hats, purses and hosiery. It featured a patterned terrazzo floor and eighteen foot ornamental ceiling. Columns had ornamental capitals with Texas-motifs. The second floor sold womens and misses clothes as well as furs and featured differently themed "galleries". Children&#39;s clothes and lingerie were located on the third floor, originally decorated with peach and apricot colors. House wares such as rugs, draperies, and furniture were on the fourth floor. The fifth floor featured glass ware and china, and the employee restrooms and hospital. The offices were on the sixth floor. On the seventh floor was a 600-seat auditorium that could also be converted into four small conference spaces. A basement and sub-basement held the mechanical equipment as well as a state-of-the-art refrigerated fur vault that could hold up to 3,000 fur coats. The cooling system cooled the basement and first floor.</p><br>
<h3>Expansion</h3><br>
<p>In 1955 the building doubled in size with the opening of a "Texas-size" major addition along Main between St Paul and Harwood designed by Thomas, Jameson & Merrill. This addition matched the original building in height, depth and building materials, although the façade was windowless and featured a large cartouche and prominent signage. The addition also boasted the first complete escalator service for a building of its size in the Southwest and the largest plate glass windows at street level. The expanded 500,000 ft&sup2; department store boasted three restaurants, a bakery and a 1,600-seat public auditorium.</p><br>
<p>In the 1960s and 70s the chain was more well known as Titches.</p><br>
<p>The store took on the Joskes name in 1979. In 1985 Allied Stores consolidated Joskes three Texas divisions, and the top three floors of the building were converted to corporate offices. The store connected its retail concourse to the expanding Dallas Pedestrian Network during a renovation of the basement, first and second floors in 1986. When Dillards bought the assets of Joskes in 1987, the historic downtown building was not included in the sale; the store was closed soon after.</p><br>
<h3>Adaptive Reuse</h3><br>
<p>In 1994, developer Graham Greene and architect Meckfessel Associates renovated the 1955 addition as the Dallas Education Center (now known as the Universities Center at Dallas). The UCD was the first multi-institutional teaching center (MITC) for higher education in Texas and was established by the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board to provide access to public higher education at the upper division and graduate levels to citizens who live and work in downtown Dallas. Four of the seven floors have been converted to classroom space and are used by Texas A&M University-Commerce, Texas Womans University (TWU), University of North Texas (UNT), University of Texas at Arlington (UTA), Dallas County Community College District (DCCCD) and 9th-12th grade of the Pegasus School of Liberal Arts & Sciences. The facility also contains Fashion on Main, the exhibition facility of UNTs Texas Fashion Collection. Future plans include expansion of the fashion gallery. The current address for this portion of the building is 1901 Main.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>As one of the first residential renovations in downtown Dallas, Oglesby-Green adapted the original 1929 building into 129 loft-style apartments and retail space in 1997. To provide adequate light to interior apartments a section of the building on floors 2-8 was cut away, but the façade was left intact (this is evident when viewing the rows of open windows along Main). The eighth floor of apartments is the old "attic" space facing the interior courtyard and is only accessible via stairs from the seventh floor. Resident parking is accommodated in the basement and sub-basement levels. Many of the original finishes were incorporated into the renovation where practical, making each unit unique in design (units feature original windows and decorative columns, and one unit incorporates the old ballrooms stage). The lobby features many historical photographs and artifacts of the buildings past. For several years in the late 1990s a portion of the lobby contained the Gold Bar and restaurant Champagne; vestiges still remain of old bar and department store features throughout the building. The current address for this portion of the building is 1900 Elm.</p><br>
<p>UNT purchased the Universities Center at 1901 Main with plans to expand program offerings. Because the building shares parking and other critical services with 1900 Elm, UNT also purchased the apartment building and offers a reduced rate to full-time students, thus reunifying the historic building under one ownership.</p><br>
<p>On May 14, 2009 the Texas Legislature approved UNT&#39;s request for a public law school in the neighboring Dallas Municipal Building. The Universities Center will be home of the new law school until the renovated building is ready for occupancy.</p><br>
<h2>Design Details</h2><br>
<p>The prominent cartouch on the 1955 addition became a symbol of the Titche-Goettinger company and can be found in other areas of the building. It is made of solid Indiana limestone and stands 28 feet high by 26 feet across, covering part of the buildings fifth, sixth and seventh floors. The design was created by the architectural firm of Thomas Jameson and Merrill. The center portion is topped by a star signifying the Lone Star State and Titches place in it. On each side of the star are live oak leaves mixed in with cactus blossoms. Below the star on the left is a scale indicating full measure and value. On the right, a ship indicating the world of commerce. Nine cotton bolls are indicative of Texas farm life and the textile industry, and on the right are the initials of the store. The six national flags of Texas are shown, representing the United States, Confederacy, France, (on the left) Texas, Mexico and Spain (on the right).</p><br>
<p>Above the entrance doors are relief sculptures of important Dallas leaders and businessmen.</p><br>
<p>The 1929 building was once lit by a series of multi-colored lights. These light sconces can still be seen along the building façade but are not in use today.</p><br>
<p>On either side of the entry doors are medallions representing Texas commerce. At the St. Paul (west) entrance are designs of cotton and wheat, representing the two main agricultural crops of the state. At the Elm Street (north) entrance, timber and manufacturing are featured and at the Main Street (south) entrance cattle and oil are shown.</p><br>
<h2>Zoned schools</h2><br>
<p>Residents are zoned to schools in the Dallas Independent School District. Zoned schools include City Park Elementary School, Billy Earl Dade Middle School, and James Madison High School.</p><br>
<p>Randleman Lake is a reservoir on the Deep River in Randolph and Guilford Counties in central North Carolina, extending from just northwest of Randleman to east of High Point. The lake was created in 2004 with the construction of the Randleman Lake Dam. The lake was created to satisfy the drinking water needs of the greater Greensboro area for the next 50 years, as well as to provide recreational opportunity.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The lake is in the Cape Fear River basin and was originally proposed by the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) in 1937. Congress first authorized funds in 1968, $11 million. By 1980, only preliminary studies had been done and the estimated cost was $135 million. Later, in 1987, the US Army Corps of Engineers withdrew support for the project because the "cost of the Randleman Dam would outweigh the flood control benefits of building it".</p><br>
<p>Later that same year, the local Piedmont Triad Regional Water Authority (PTRWA) proposed a smaller reservoir, with a $57 million price tag, which used 40% less land. Over the next several years, environmental impact statements were offered by the PTRWA, with the final Federal Environmental Impact Statement for the Randleman Lake Project being issued in 2000. On April 6, 2001, the USACE issued a permit to allow construction, which began on August 7 of the same year. On March 1, 2010 the lake officially opened to public recreation.</p><br>
<h2>Drinking water</h2><br>
<p>The lake&#39;s primary purpose is to provide drinking water for Greensboro, North Carolina. This is to be accomplished by treating the raw water in a new water treatment plant in High Point, North Carolina, 20 mi southwest of Greensboro. The City of Greensboro started receiving treated water from Piedmont Triad Regional Water Authority on October 4, 2010.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Fishing and sailing is permitted in most areas of the lake. Personal watercraft are not allowed, nor sailboats with main masts over 25 ft in height. Because it is a government run facility for the purpose of providing drinking water, boats are not allowed overnight and other significant restrictions apply to fueling boats within the area. There is a lake-wide speed limit of 25 mi/h for all boats. North of the Highway 62 bridge, no gasoline or liquid fueled motors are allowed at all.</p><br>
<p>Clouds Rest is a mountain in Yosemite National Park east northeast of Yosemite Village, California. Although there are many peaks in the park having far greater elevation, Clouds Rest&#39;s proximity to the valley gives it a very high degree of visual prominence.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The summit can be reached by a 7.2 mi trail hike from Tioga Pass Road or a 9.4 mi trail hike from Happy Isles by way of Little Yosemite Valley. There are also several technical routes available.</p><br>
<p>Clouds Rest is an arête, a thin, almost knife-like, ridge of rock formed when glaciers eroded away solid rock to form Tenaya Canyon and Little Yosemite Valley. The northwest face, mostly solid granite, rises 5,000 ft above Tenaya Creek.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Lafayette H. Bunnell, a medical doctor with the Mariposa Battalion, notes that his party named the summit Clouds Rest because they returned to camp to avoid a snow storm after seeing "the clouds rapidly settling down to rest upon that mountain."</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>There are three main ways to access the summit of Cloud’s Rest; via the Sunrise Lakes Trailhead off of CA-120 (commonly known as the Northeast Ridge Route); via the Happy Isles Trailhead in Yosemite Valley (commonly known as the South Slope); or via the Northwest Face of the mountain.</p><br>
<p>The Sunrise Lakes Trail is a round trip hike of 14.5 miles that begins at an elevation of 8,150 ft and gains 1,776 ft over 7.25 miles to reach the summit at 9,926 ft. The summit has wide-ranging 360-degree panoramic views.</p><br>
<p>Massachusetts Avenue, or simply Mass Ave, is one of six designated cultural districts in Indianapolis, Indiana. It is located just a few blocks northeast of Monument Circle. Massachusetts Avenue was one of the four original diagonal streets of downtown Indianapolis in Alexander Ralstons plan of 1821. Today it lies at the heart of the citys arts district. It offers some of the city&#39;s most visible theaters and art galleries as well as a number of shops and eateries.</p><br>
<p>Gentrification in the 1990s propelled the area from squalor to one of the city&#39;s more fashionable addresses. Currently, redevelopment of Mass Ave focuses on fostering locally owned shops, theaters, and restaurants.</p><br>
<p>Many notable buildings are located in the district:</p><br>
<p>Built in 1855, the Mayhew Cabin and Historic Village in Nebraska City, Nebraska is the only Underground Railroad site in Nebraska officially recognized by the National Park Service. It is included among the sites of the National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Mayhew Cabin, also known as John Brown&#39;s Cave, in Nebraska City, Nebraska was built in 1855.</p><br>
<p>In 1854 Allen and Barbara (Kagi) Mayhew moved to Nebraska and built the cabin in 1855. Barbara’s younger brother John Henry Kagi came to stay with the Mayhew&#39;s in 1855 and taught Phonography. Kagi, having already earned a law degree, had strong anti-slavery views. By 1856, he had moved to Kansas Territory and became an ally of the famous abolitionist, John Brown.</p><br>
<p>John Kagi would become John Browns most trusted advisor and his "Secretary of War". John Brown knew that slavery would not end without bloodshed. Brown had for years been formulating a plan that he was convinced would end slavery forever – a raid on the arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. This effort was supposed to arm slaves who would in turn hold an armed uprising against their masters. Once free, they would form a community where they could live peacefully. But, before he moved forward with that plan, Brown, Kagi, and the rest of John Browns followers were dealing with anti-slavery efforts in "Bleeding Kansas". By December 1858, they were at Bains Fort, having freed an anti-slavery friend from captivity.</p><br>
<p>At the behest of a slave named Jim Daniels, on December 20, 1858, John Brown and a group of his loyal men, including John Henri Kagi, rode into Vernon County, Missouri from “Bleeding Kansas” with the intention of taking Daniels and other slaves from their masters and taking them all the way to Canada to freedom. When they neared their destination they split into two groups. John Brown’s group set off to free the Daniels family first. Jim Daniels, his pregnant wife, and their two children were owned by the James Lawrence Estate and were at the home of Lawrence’s son-in-law, Harvey Hicklin and his wife. At gunpoint, the Daniels family was taken along with another male slave named Sam Harper.</p><br>
<p>Brown’s group then went to the home of Isaac Larue and at gunpoint took several slaves consisting of Sam Harper’s mother, little sisters, little brother, and an unrelated male slave. Simultaneously, the group led by John Kagi and Colonel Whipple (Aaron Dwight Stevens) raided the home of David Cruise and took a slave named Jane, with Whipple killing Cruise in the process. The two groups met back up and headed for Kansas Territory with their eleven fugitives. For weeks, the escaping slaves were hidden, receiving aid at various locations in northeast Kansas Territory. Mrs. Daniels gave birth to a son, who was named after John Brown.</p><br>
<p>In early 1859, the then group of twelve were led north through Nebraska. In February 1859, “The Twelve” stayed at the cabin of John Kagi’s sister, Barbara Mayhew. The group was continually hounded by an armed posse. Despite a posse attempting to take John Kagi at his sister’s cabin, they made it safely across the river into Iowa and then eventually reached freedom in Windsor, Ontario, Canada on March 12, 1859.</p><br>
<p>The Twelve consisted of the 11 slaves plus 1 child born during the trek. The Twelve consisted of 3 families, the Harper family, the Daniels family, and one unrelated male.</p><br>
<p>According to the National Park Service:</p><br>
<p>The Mayhew Cabin was built in 1855 from hand hewn cottonwood trees and served as the home of the Mayhew family until 1864, when the cabin and surrounding property were first sold. The property continued to change hands through the end of the 19th century until 1937, when owner Edward Bartling had the cabin moved to prevent its destruction by a highway project. During the move, the cabin underwent restoration, exposing its original 1850s exterior materials. The authentic “old fashioned” look facilitated Bartling’s desire to open the cabin to the public and develop his property as a tourist park. In addition to restoring the cabin, Bartling had a cave built underneath the cabin to help interpret the Mayhew family’s rumored association with the Underground Railroad. The cave consists of a cellar and connecting tunnels, sleeping quarters, and a tunnel exiting to a nearby ravine. The cabin remained open to the public from 1938 to 2002 as the “John Brown’s Cave” tourist attraction.</p><br>
<p>The cabin was moved in 1937 from its original location. From 1938 to 2002 it was open as John Brown&#39;s Cave tourist attraction. A hollowed-out area beneath the new location was created and represented as a place where escaping slaves were hidden.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places on February 11, 2010.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>In 2005 the Mayhew Cabin was restored and the site began operating as a non-profit foundation. The foundation acquired a new museum space in 2010 just to the west of the Mayhew Cabin. The foundation also maintains on the site an historic Mt. Zion AME Church, one of the first black congregations established west of the Missouri River.</p><br>
<p>Massachusetts Street  is a main thoroughfare through the central business district of downtown Lawrence, Kansas. It begins just south of the Kansas River at Sixth Street and continues south until reaching Haskell Indian Nations University. The street was given its name by members of the New England Emigrant Aid Company, most of whom were from Massachusetts. In 2014, Mass Street was named the most popular tourist attraction in Kansas by TripAdvisor.</p><br>
<p>The 600 through 1200 block of Massachusetts is also listed on the National Register of Historical Places under Lawrence&#39;s Historical District. Most of the buildings were built between 1856 and 1953. Listed separately under the National Register are the Eldridge Hotel, the Douglas County Courthouse and Watkins National Bank (now Watkins Community Museum). Other listings along Mass Street but not located downtown are the Breezedale Historic District, the Goodrich House, the Edward House House, the Mackie House and the Roberts House (now the Castle Tea Room that was designed by Kansas State Capitol architect John G. Haskell).</p><br>
<p>Other historic businesses and sites of interest along Massachusetts Street are Liberty Hall, the Free State Brewing Company (Kansas first legal brewery in over 100 years), the Round Corner Pharmacy (which was the longest-running pharmacy in the state until closing in 2009), the House Building (the only downtown building to survive Quantrills Raid), the Replay Lounge, the Granada (a former theater and popular music venue), South Park (a city park established when Lawrence was founded in 1854), and Liberty Memorial Central Middle School (located in a former high school built in 1923).</p><br>
<p>Pea Island is an island which is part of the Outer Banks of North Carolina. Because of the shifting nature of the barrier island system of which Pea Island is a part, and the way in which inlets open and close over time, Pea Island has, at times, been contiguous with the neighboring islands of Bodie Island or Hatteras Island. Pea Island was created when two inlets, the New Inlet in 1738, and Oregon Inlet in 1846, separated it from the neighboring islands. The island was rejoined to Hatteras Island intermittently from 1922 until 1945 as the narrow New Inlet opened and closed with shifting sands. Pea Island ceased to exist entirely from 1945 until 2011, when Hurricane Irene reopened the New Inlet, recreating Pea Island. From 1945 to 2011, Pea Island was merely the northern 11 miles or so of Hatteras Island. Pea Island was home to the Pea Island Life-Saving Station, the first U.S. Coast Guard life-saving station to have an all African-American crew. Since 1937, it has also been home to the Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge.</p><br>
<p>Fort Mountain is a mountain located in Piscataquis County, Maine, within Baxter State Park. Fort Mountain is flanked to the southeast by North Brother Mountain, and to the north by Mullen Mountain. Although officially trailless, a well-defined herd path leads to the summit of Fort from North Brother.</p><br>
<p>Fort Mountain stands within the watershed of the Penobscot River, which drains into Penobscot Bay. The south and east sides of Fort Mountain drain into Wassataquoik Stream, then into the East Branch of the Penobscot River. The northeast side of Fort Mountain drains into Annis Brook, then into Wassataquoik Stream. The northwest side of Fort drains into Little Nesowadnehunk Stream, then into Nesowadnehunk Stream, and the West Branch of the Penobscot River.</p><br>
<h2>1944 C-54 plane crash</h2><br>
<p>On June 20, 1944, a C-54-A cargo plane on the Newfoundland to Washington, D.C. leg of trans-Atlantic TWA Flight 277 from England was pushed 70 mi north of its planned course by stormy weather, which prevented obtaining visual or radio location fixes. The crew was unaware the aircraft had entered mountainous terrain and was still flying at the 4,000 ft elevation appropriate for passing over Bangor, Maine. The single passenger and all six crewmen were killed when the aircraft hit Fort Mountain. The aircraft burned, but some large pieces are still accessible and reasonably well preserved.</p><br>
<p>St. Stanislaus Kostka Church in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, referred to in Polish as Kościół Świętego Stanisława Kostki is a historic church of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh, one of the citys oldest churches. Located in the Strip District in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, it is a prime example of the so-called Polish Cathedral&#39; style of churches. It is known also as 21st and Smallman Street Church. It is listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History of Saint Stanislaus Kostka</h2><br>
<p>The congregation was formed in 1873 when 200 Polish families banded together to form the St. Stanislaus Kostka Beneficial Society. The first pastor was Antoni Klawiter, who arrived in October 1875 and left in 1877. The availability of unskilled mill jobs in Pittsburgh in the late 19th century attracted a flood of immigrants from Eastern Europe. By 1915, more than 80% of Strip District residents were foreign-born, and 30% were Polish. St. Stanislaus Kostka Church was constructed in 1891, designed by Pittsburgh architect Frederick C. Sauer (1860–1942).</p><br>
<p>In March 1936 there was a disastrous flood on Saint Patrick&#39;s Day. Water flooded the church as high as the top of the wainscoting on the walls. The pews were afloat and the Pastor was trapped in the rectory on the second floor. In December 1936, an explosion at the Pittsburgh Banana Company weakened the towers and the original baroque style bonnets were removed. Examples of the bonnet style are still found on the top of the sidewall pilasters and the ventilation cupola on the center of the roof. Three of the medallion windows over the altars were also covered over.</p><br>
<p>On September 20, 1969, Cardinal Karol Wojtyła, the future Pope John Paul II, visited and offered prayers at St. Stanislaus Kostka. After cordial greetings, the Cardinal is quoted as commenting on how beautiful the church was and how it reminded him of the churches in Poland. He knelt in prayer before the Blessed Sacrament and then to the Side Altar of the Blessed Virgin Mary, now the location of a humble memorial to the Pope.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture of Saint Stanislaus Kostka</h2><br>
<p>Saint Stanislaus Kostka&#39;s architectural style is a blend of Romanesque and Baroque, with Byzantine influences. Construction of the present Saint Stanislaus Kostka church was started in April 1891, and the church was consecrated on July 31, 1892. The church is a one story brick edifice covering an area of 8,337 ft&sup2;. The church is built on the ground surface, and there is no basement. The walls are from 17 to 21 in thick. The church measures 67 ft wide and 105 ft deep and stands 150 ft high. In 1936, the church endured flood and explosion damage.</p><br>
<p>The twin towers support a total of seven bells. The right tower holds the St. Michel bell 2,500 lb, the St. Barbara bell 1,200 lb and the St. Anthony bell 750 lb. The left tower holds the St. Casimer bell 1,800 lb, the St. Joseph bell 1,000 lb, the St. Rosa bell 750 lb and the St. Stanislaus bell 550 lb. Five of these bells were electrified in 1956.</p><br>
<p>The stained glass figure windows were produced in Munich, Germany, at the Royal Bavarian Art Institute at a cost of $27,672—a major expenditure for that time. Compared with today&#39;s dollar value it would cost almost $538,000. According to experts, the windows in the Saint Stanislaus Kostka Church are some of the best period "Munich Style" stained glass in the United States.</p><br>
<p>There are three Latin inscriptions in the church interior.</p><br>
<p>On the front of old main altar:</p><br>
<p>Se Nascens Deditsocium "By his birth He offers himself as a companion"</p><br>
<p>On the altar canopy:</p><br>
<p>Se Moriens In Praetium "Dying, he offers himself as victim."</p><br>
<p>On the window over the altar canopy:</p><br>
<p>Se Regnans Dat In Praemium "Reigning, He offers himself as a reward."</p><br>
<p>On the Christ the King center window above the crown, in Christ&#39;s hand is a banner which reads:</p><br>
<p>Qui Vicerit Dabei Sedere, Mecum In Throno Meo "He who has conquered (God) will grant you to sit with me on my throne"</p><br>
<p>The original interior also did not have the murals we see today as the murals have changed over the years. The current paintings in the semi-dome over the altar were done by the Italian artist, Vincent Scatena and were completed for the Golden Jubilee of the parish in 1925.</p><br>
<p>White Cap Mountain is a mountain located in Franklin County, Maine, about 1 mi east of the Canada–US border with Québec. White Cap Mountain is flanked to the south by Kennebago Divide Mountain.</p><br>
<p>White Cap Mountain stands within the watershed of the upper Androscoggin River, which drains into Merrymeeting Bay, the estuary of the Kennebec River, and then into the Gulf of Maine. The north face of White Cap Mountain drains via a stream into the Kennebago River, then into Cupsuptic Lake, through a series of lakes into the Rapid River and Umbagog Lake, the source of the Androscoggin River. The southeast end of White Cap drains into Bear Brook, and then into the Kennebago River. The southwest side of White Cap drains into Porter Brook, then into the Cupsuptic River and Cupsuptic Lake.</p><br>
<p>The mountain can be approached by logging roads. Anyone wishing to climb Whitecap would be well advised to get in touch with the Appalachian Mountain Club Four Thousand Footer Committee for route information.</p><br>
<p>Addison Sod House is a Saskatchewan homestead site made of grass or sod which is over a hundred years old and has been designated as a National Historic Site of Canada.</p><br>
<h2>History of site</h2><br>
<p>This sod home was used by James Addison and his family 10 mi north of Kindersley, Saskatchewan, Canada and 6.5 mi east on Highway 21. His property held a barn, two sheds, shelterbelt as well as dugout. Sod houses were a popular construction choice in the early 1900s by the early homesteaders to Saskatchewan. Similar to an earth sheltering type of houses. Whereas many earth sheltering houses were built into hills, a soddie had the base dug down about 3 ft below the residence square footage area. A layer of buffalo, oxen or cattle chips which was then covered over with a well packed layer of clay. The walls were made of pieces of sod approximately 4 in deep, 3 ft wide, and 4 to 5 ft long. These sod pieces were laid in overlapping fashion to construct all four walls. These walls would provide shelter in its enclosed space from precipitation, wind, heat, and the cold of 40 degree below winters, and insulation against the heat of 40 degree above summers. The roofs were generally made of aspen logs laid across the walls, and these logs covered in sod. Heavy spring rains were the main downfall of these homes as the sod on the roof, dried out from winter, and only supported with the logs would wash away with the water. Most homesteaders used the sod house as a temporary house until a wooden or brick structure was built.</p><br>
<p>This particular sod house had several unique features which has helped it to survive until this day, nearly a century after first construction. The sod chosen were from a dried up waterlogged area or a dried up slough so the grass roots were quite thick. Sods are usually overlapped when made into walls, however, Addison made a hole in the center of each sod piece so that as the piece of sod dried it would tend to crumble in on itself, rather than outwards. He also made each wall triangular, so that the width of the wall at the base was wider than the top. The roofs which were the downfall of most sod houses was not typical on Addison&#39;s Sod house. He departed from using sod for the roof, but made a wooden hip roof with wood shingles eliminating water damage from spring rains, and winter snow melting. Addison also protected his sod walls from the elements, first by growing vines, then by covering the exterior with cedar shingles. With the advent new technologies in home construction, the cedar shingles were replaced with asphalt, then with vinyl siding.</p><br>
<p>James Addison and his descendants have continuously occupied the house since its construction. The family received an award for long term stewardship of a heritage property from Saskatchewan&#39;s lieutenant governor in 2017.</p><br>
<h2>Affiliations</h2><br>
<p>The Museum is affiliated with: CMA, CHIN, and Virtual Museum of Canada.</p><br>
<p>Mount Ayalu  is an isolated, rhyolitic stratovolcano in eastern Ethiopia. Located in Administrative Zone 3 of the Afar Region, near the eastern bank of the Awash River, this mountain has a latitude and longitude of {{coord|10|5|N|40|42|E}} and an altitude of 2145 meters.</p><br>
<p>The Argobba have a tradition that after landing in Africa at Zeila, they travelled to this mountain where they settled for a number of years. Here they prospered until their wealth led them to hold weddings and feasts during Ramadan; for this Allah is said to have sent a famine and plagues on them. After this, the people moved to the Ifat Sultanate during its earlier period.</p><br>
<p>Wilfred Thesiger describes his ascent of Mount Ayalu in 1933. He notes that this mountain was the object of an annual pilgrimage by members of the Afar people, who travelled from as far away as Daoe and Aussa in order to climb to the summit where they would pray for good health and success in war. They would also make a pilgrimage to Ayalu in other times of the year to pray for relief in times of famine and after a defeat in war. When David Buxton visited the site a little more than 10 years later, he was unable to learn if sacrifices were still made there.</p><br>
<p>The volcano is one of the largest in Ethiopia and is located, along with its close neighbor Adwa (volcano), in a major right step of the linear chain of volcanoes and fissures along the middle of the East African rift. Due to the location of the volcano near the boundary between Afar and Issa tribes, little is known about its past and present behavior. However, an earthquake and InSAR study conducted by Derek Keir and colleagues shows that a magma intrusion around 5 km deep and 8 km long emanated away from the volcano and intruded near the eastern side of neighboring Adwa (volcano) in May 2000.</p><br>
<p>Originally the city of Red Rock, Lake Red Rock, also referred to as Red Rock Reservoir is a reservoir formed by Red Rock Dam on the Des Moines River, about 55 miles southeast of the city of Des Moines, Iowa, United States. The dam was completed in 1969 as a flood control project by the United States Army Corps of Engineers, creating the largest lake in Iowa. The lake is essentially confined to Marion County. The damface is a few miles west and south of Pella, and similarly, a few miles northeast of Knoxville.</p><br>
<p>The lake shore has various recreational activities such as camping, hiking, boating and fishing. The state maintains Elk Rock State Park on both sides of the lake while Roberts Creek Park and Cordova Park (location of Cordova Tower) are managed by the Marion County Conservation Board.</p><br>
<p>The Army Corps of Engineers maintains several campgrounds as well: White Breast Recreation Area, Ivans Recreation Area, Wallashuck Recreation Area, Howell Station Recreation Area, and the North Overlook Recreation Area. There is also a "water trail", where one can float down the Des Moines River from the southeast corner of Polk County to the lake and down to Red Rock Dam. Coast Guard Auxiliary provides boating safety education and free vessel safety checks to boaters in the area.</p><br>
<p>A major landmark is what is locally called the "Mile Long Bridge", carrying Iowa Highway 14 at its upstream end.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>Forrestdale Lake is a lake nature reserve in the City of Armadale, Western Australia, approximately 25 km south of the central business district of Perth, the state capital, and on the southern fringes of the Perth metropolitan area. It lies immediately south of the suburb of Forrestdale, and 8 km south-east of Jandakot Airport. It is a still largely natural wetland, with some adjoining native vegetation, surrounded by land developed for housing and agriculture, that regularly supports large numbers of shorebirds and other waterbirds.</p><br>
<h2>History and recognition</h2><br>
<h3>Traditional usage</h3><br>
<p>Before European settlement the lake was used by Aboriginal people as an important site for tortoise hunting, with campsites occupied for long periods. It is associated with the Waugal, a powerful and important water serpent in Noongar mythology that created rivers and lakes, and maintains the flow of waters to its resting places.</p><br>
<h3>European settlement</h3><br>
<p>The first non-Aboriginal settlement occurred in 1885, when William and Alfred Skeet were granted a Special Occupation license for 100 acre adjoining the lake, as well as licences to cut and sell timber. Farming around the lake began in 1893; much of the land was cleared, crops were trialled along with dairy and poultry farming. By 1898, the area around the lake had been set aside for a township with recommendations made for its subdivision. The Jandakot region started producing vegetables, apiary products and dairy produce for the Fremantle markets.</p><br>
<p>From the 1920s agriculture gave way to sheep and cattle grazing, which continued through the next 50 years. During the 1940s the west side of the lake was heavily grazed by livestock, particularly during the drier summers when the lake’s fringing vegetation served as supplementary fodder. As a result, the land on the west side of the lake lacks native understorey plants and is infested with introduced plants such as arum lilies.</p><br>
<p>The lake was gazetted as an A-class Nature Reserve in 1957 for the protection of flora and fauna, as well as for recreation, particularly sailing. The population in the Forrestdale area increased rapidly in the late 1960s as the townsite blocks to the north-west of the lake were taken up. Since then the population has gradually increased to about 1350.</p><br>
<h3>Protection</h3><br>
<p>Originally Lake Jandakot, it was renamed Forrestdale in 1973. It was listed on the Commonwealth Register of the National Estate in March 1978. With the similar Thomsons Lake 10 km to the west, it forms the Forrestdale and Thomsons Lakes Ramsar Site, designated under the Ramsar Convention on 7 June 1990 and recognising it as a wetland of international importance. In 1998 the purpose of the reserve was changed to simply "Conservation of Flora and Fauna". It is registered as Nature Reserve 24781, vested in the Conservation Commission of Western Australia and managed by the Department of Conservation and Land Management. It is mainly used for birdwatching, nature walks, horse riding and general recreation by surrounding residents.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Forrestdale Lake is a shallow, brackish, seasonal lake with a large area 220 to 245 ha of open water when full. It has extensive fringing sedgeland typical of the Swan Coastal Plain, and is a major breeding site, migration stop-over and semi-permanent drought refuge area for waterbirds. It usually dries out by mid-summer. The area to the north-east is suburban with houses only 50 m from the lake. Land to the west has been developed for agriculture or housing to about 100 m from the shoreline. There is a large area of natural open woodland on the eastern side.</p><br>
<h3>Geology and hydrology</h3><br>
<p>The lake lies on the eastern edge of the gently undulating Bassendean Dune System, which is formed mainly of leached grey-white siliceous sands. It is a deflation basin bordered by low sand ridges up to five metres high. On the north-eastern edge of the lake there is a rocky sandstone outcrop. The lake bed sediments are up to two metres thick and include clay, silt, peat, diatomite, marl and freshwater limestone.</p><br>
<p>It also lies on the eastern margin of the Jandakot Mound, a region of elevated water table beneath the Swan Coastal Plain, where the mound intersects the Perth Groundwater Area. Water levels in the lake were much higher in the 1970s and 80s, and have been declining steadily since 1992. Groundwater levels have also decreased since records began in 1996 and are about 1.5 to 2.5 m below the levels of the 1970s and 1980s. The lake is now drying out earlier than in previous wetter years.</p><br>
<h3>Flora and fauna</h3><br>
<p>There is often a dense mat of fennel pondweed, stoneworts, and ditch grasses in the water of the lake. Surrounding the open water is an almost continuous belt of the introduced bulrush Typha orientalis, behind which various sedges, rushes and reeds grow. Beyond these is a belt of trees, mainly paperbarks and swamp banksia backed by orange wattle and flooded gum. The higher sandy ground on the eastern side supports open woodland dominated by candlestick banksia. Some 351 vascular plants from 77 families have been recorded from the nature reserve, of which 99 are introduced weeds. Twenty six species of algae have also been recorded.</p><br>
<p>More than 20,000 waterbirds have been recorded on Forrestdale Lake. It regularly supports more than 1% of the national population of five shorebirds: red-capped plover (with up to 1,300 recorded at any one time), black-winged stilt (3,840), red-necked avocet (1,113), long-toed stint (up to 80), and curlew sandpiper (2,000). In some years it supports more than 10,000 ducks, including Australian shelduck (up to 1,650 counted), Pacific black duck (5,500), grey teal (9,000), Australasian shoveler (2,000), and hardhead (1,053). The lake is one of the few sites in Western Australia where little ringed plover and little stint have been recorded more than once, and it is the only location in the state where white-rumped sandpiper has been recorded.</p><br>
<p>As well as the uncommon skink Lerista lineata, Forrestdale Lake supports six frog species and at least 62 aquatic invertebrate taxa. The long-necked tortoise is present. The critically endangered Australian native bee, Neopasiphae simplicior, is thought to occur only as a single population within the bushland of the Forrestdale Lake Nature Reserve adjacent to the lake and the Armadale Golf Course.</p><br>
<h2>Conservation</h2><br>
<h3>Threats</h3><br>
<p>The use of pesticides to control chironomids (non-biting midges) is a potential threat to aquatic invertebrate and bird life; in 1984 about 220 shorebirds were killed at the lake as a result of such spraying. Increased groundwater abstraction may exacerbate already declining water levels. The area of bulrushes in the fringing vegetation has increased and threatens its ecological character by changing its floristics, reducing the amount of open water, and reducing the area of mudflat available to migratory shorebirds. Disturbance of waterbirds by humans and dogs may occur, especially in late summer and autumn when the lake is drying out. Increasing urbanisation of the catchment may change the water balance or increase the already high nutrient level.</p><br>
<p>The Gornergrat  is a rocky ridge of the Pennine Alps, overlooking the Gorner Glacier south-east of Zermatt in Switzerland. It can be reached from Zermatt by the Gornergrat rack railway , the highest open-air railway in Europe. Between the Gornergrat railway station  and the summit is the Kulm Hotel  hosting the new Project "Stellarium Gornergrat" and until 2010 the Kölner Observatorium für SubMillimeter Astronomie KOSMA and before that  the Gornergrat Infrared Telescope.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>It is located about three kilometers east of Zermatt in the Swiss canton of Valais. The Gornergrat is located between the Gornergletscher and Findelgletscher and offers a view of more than 20 four-thousand metre peaks, whose highest are Dufourspitze (Monte Rosa massif), Liskamm, Matterhorn, Dom and Weisshorn.</p><br>
<p>This is the last stop of the Gornergrat train, opened in 1898, which climbs almost 1,500 m through Riffelalp and Riffelberg. At the terminus on the south-western tip of the ridge is a hotel. The station forms part of the Zermatt ski area. From 1958 to 2007 there was a cable car from Gornergrat over the Hohtälli (3,275 m) to the Stockhorn (3,405 m) which, until the construction of the Klein Matterhorn cable car, was the highest mountain station in Zermatt.</p><br>
<p>At the west side of the Gorner Ridge, nearby the Rotenboden railway station is the peak Riffelhorn (2,928 m).</p><br>
<p>Brdy is a range of hills in the Czech Republic, forming a long massif stretching for cca.60 km southwest from Prague. The northern section of the Brdy is called "Hřebeny" and features one narrow ridge . The main Brdy range starts south of the Litavka river gorge and consists of several major elevations connected into one plateau, the highest peaks among them being Tok , Praha  or Třemšín . Most of the Brdy is covered by forest, and it is one of the largest contiguously forested areas in the interior of the country. Large sections of the massif are designated as a restricted military area and closed to the public. The Brdy military area has been a source of controversy for several decades.</p><br>
<h2>Military area</h2><br>
<p>The restricted military area was established in 1925, shortly after creation of Czechoslovakia, to cater for the needs of Czechoslovakia&#39;s growing armed forces. It was expanded and used extensively by Third Reich military forces from 1939-1945 during the Nazi Occupation of Czechoslovakia. It continued to be used for intensive military exercises in the post-war era, with some additional expansion in the southern sector. After the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968, a small Red Army base was situated in the south of the area near Mirosov, until the repatriation of the troops in 1993.</p><br>
<p>Military use of the Brdy mountains gradually decreased after the Velvet Revolution in 1989, as a result of military cost-cutting and eventual professionalization in 2005. However, the central part of the Brdy mountain area retains its restricted military status.</p><br>
<p>The Brdy mountains were a focus of negotiations with American negotiators attempting to agree a deal with Czech government to install a Ground-Based Midcourse Defense missile defense radar system in the military area. However, the missile defence plans were reshaped during the Obama administration and the plan was cancelled.</p><br>
<h2>Infrastructure</h2><br>
<p>No substantial development has taken place in the Brdy mountains since 1925. The lack of man-made changes has left the local flora and fauna to flourish undisturbed. The national forestry company (České lesy) was responsible for maintaining large areas of the mountains, and still is in the central parts, while northern areas have seen restitution to legal ownership.</p><br>
<p>There are several major roads running across the mountains, some of them restricted to vehicles with valid military or forestry permits. There are a few buildings remaining in these mountains, usually in lateral areas or at the most elevated points. As well as several hunting lodges, used by prominent visitors, hunters and forestry workers, these facilities include:</p><br>
<p>a Cold War military bunker, turned into an Atomic Weapons Museum.</p><br>
<p>the 194m tall Cukrak transmitter, a broadcasting and transmitting tower on the hill Cukrak, close to Prague.</p><br>
<p>an abandoned surface-to-air missile (SAM) base known as Klondajk, with three long-range SAM launchers spread over several square kilometers near the town of Dobris.</p><br>
<p>a Geodetic tower 638m above sea level at Studeny Vrch, near Hostomice pod Brdy, formerly used for military exercises, and currently under the ownership of the Czech Tourist Club.</p><br>
<p>a Czech air traffic control radar complex, 683m above sea level on the hill Pisek, near Jince.</p><br>
<p>a Meteorological radar belonging to the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute (CHMI), 862m above sea level on Praha mountain, monitoring precipitation over Bohemia. This radar is a part of the European NEXRAD network.</p><br>
<p>a prototype concrete bunker, built in the 1930s at one of the shooting grounds to test weapon efficiency and bunker design, later featured in the Czech film The Elementary School.</p><br>
<p>a monument to prominent local forester and administrator Gangloff, near Tremsin pod Brdy.</p><br>
<h2>Potential future developments</h2><br>
<p>Several studies have been carried out on the future of the Brdy mountains, with particular focus on preserving its natural state. This was contradicted by government plans to create a new US high-security military installation in the military area. In late 2008, press reports indicated that the radar site would be about two kilometres northeast of Mišov, approximately at 49.64&deg;N latitude, 13.74&deg;E longitude. A fierce public debate followed, with the majority of the media and the government supporting the project, and local residents and peace activists opposing it. Public opinion was divided, but a majority of Czechs were opposed. This debate became the focus of the Czech documentary comedy, Czech Peace (2010). In December 2014, the Czech parliament passed a law abolishing the military status of the Brdy mountains, which will come into effect in January 2016. There is an ongoing dispute, as the new legislation includes some other changes, including border changes between the Central Bohemian and Pilsen regions, with Pilsen Region taking over a significant area of the current Central Bohemian Region.</p><br>
<p>Cairnsmore of Fleet is a mountain in the Scottish Lowlands, on the edges of Galloway Forest Park. It is home to the most extensive area of open moorland in Galloway, and has been designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest . To the eastern side of the hill, an area of 1,922 hectares is designated as a National Nature Reserve and is managed by Scottish Natural Heritage .</p><br>
<h2>Cairnsmore of Fleet National Nature Reserve</h2><br>
<p>Cairnsmore of Fleet National Nature Reserve extends from the visitor centre below the Clints of Dromore, to Craignelder in the north and from the Knee of Cairnsmore in the west, to Little Mulltaggart in the east. The total land area within the NNR is 1,922 ha. Scottish Natural Heritage’s (SNH) predecessor, the Nature Conservancy Council, purchased 1,314 ha of land from the Forestry Commission in 1974 and declared the NNR in 1975. A further 608 ha are subject to Nature Reserve Agreements with neighbouring landowners, which include the summit of Cairnsmore of Fleet.</p><br>
<p>The site was chosen as representative of the granite uplands of Galloway and has continuity between un-afforested moorland and montane ground above the potential tree limit. The habitats present at Cairnsmore of Fleet were formerly widespread in the Southern Uplands, but have been much reduced over the past 60 years by land use changes from predominately hill farming and sporting interests to a greater proportion of forestry and recreational use.</p><br>
<p>The NNR lies within the Galloway and Southern Ayrshire Biosphere. The Biosphere designation is awarded by The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) to areas renowned for their special environments which are valued by local people. The biosphere, one of over 650 around the world, covers over 5,000 square kilometres and is home to 95,000 people.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>Cairnsmore of Fleet is an unafforested granite massif, whose highest point is about 10 km (6 mi) east of Newton Stewart in the south of Dumfries and Galloway (formerly Kirkcudbrightshire). It is the highest of the "Solway Hills", and overlooks the Cree Estuary and Wigtown Bay with views as far as the Lake District, Isle of Man and Snowdonia.</p><br>
<h3>Walking</h3><br>
<p>The usual route of ascent is the "Tourist Route", which is one of the most popular hikes in Galloway. It starts in the south-west, near Stronord, before climbing through the Bardrochwood Moor forest on to the summit. The Cairnsmore estate, near the start of this path, is the location mentioned in John Buchan&#39;s 1915 thriller The Thirty-nine Steps. Other routes reach the summit from the south, over the Knee of Cairnsmore, and from the north, over Meikle Mulltaggart.</p><br>
<h3>Climbing</h3><br>
<p>There are a number of good rock climbing areas on the subsidiary peaks around Cairnsmore of Fleet, but many of these have nesting birds on them so should be completely avoided in spring and early summer. The climbing is all on good quality granite. Areas that are described in the current guidebook include Craignelder, Loch Grannoch and the Clints of Dromore.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>Cairnsmore of Fleet is home to many of the typical habitats of upland Britain, such as grasslands of purple moor grass (Molinia caerulea), Calluna vulgaris and Vaccinium myrtillus heaths and localised blanket mire with Trichophorum and cotton-grass (Eriophorum). The summit region is characterised by sheep&#39;s fescue (Festuca ovina), bilberry, Carex bigelowii and the moss Racomitrium lanuginosum. It one of the nine biosphere reserves in the United Kingdom ,</p><br>
<p>having been designated in 1976. The massif is also home to a variety of birds, mammals and invertebrates, including upland raptors such as the golden eagle, merlin, hen harrier and peregrine falcon, as well as a population of feral goats.</p><br>
<p>Red and black grouse are managed on the estates, and there is extensive grazing by domestic sheep (chiefly Scottish Blackface) and cattle, which helps maintain habitats for birds. This has been hampered by the decline in farming of traditional breeds, such as Belted Galloway cattle, with farmers keeping breeds more suited to lowland grazing.</p><br>
<p>Cairnsmore of Fleet is owned and managed by Scottish Natural Heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Engine Arm Aqueduct near Smethwick, West Midlands, England, was built in 1825 by Thomas Telford to carry a water feeder, the Engine Arm, from Edgbaston Reservoir over the BCN New Main Line canal to the adjacent and parallel Old Main Line. It is a Scheduled Ancient Monument and is Grade II* listed.</p><br>
<p>It is a 52 ft span structure consisting of a cast-iron trough supported by a single arch with five ribs, each consisting of four sections with bolted joints. The trough is supported on three of the ribs, with the adjacent towpaths being supported by cast-iron arcades of Gothic-styled arches and columns. All cast-iron features were manufactured at the Horseley Ironworks in nearby Tipton. The waterway in the aqueduct is 8 ft wide with the towpaths either side being 4 ft in width each. The eastern towpath is paved in brick with raised strips for horses.</p><br>
<p>Lake Langdon in Mound, Minnesota, has an area of 144 acre. Minnehaha Creek Watershed District  charts show its maximum depth of 38 ft, though it would be classified as a shallow lake with a mean depth of 8.3 ft. It is named for R. V. Langdon, the first township clerk. It is located west of Commerce Boulevard and south of Lynwood Boulevard. Boats on the lake cannot navigate to the nearby Lake Minnetonka, though it overflows into Lost Lake, part of the Big Lake, through Langdon Bay Creek. It also serves as an outlet for Saunders Lake, to its west. The lake has a watershed area to surface area ratio of 6.5:1, meaning that it drains an area about 6½ times its size.</p><br>
<p>The lake (or bay as it is sometimes called) has an over abundance of phosphorus, that probably resulted from it being downstream from Mounds old sewer plant. The plant closed back in the late 1970s. Phosphorus is a catalyst that can contribute to excessive plant growth. Though the lakes MCWD Report Card shows a significant drop off of the phosphorus levels over the past 20 years, it is still a problem. A higher outflow from Langdon could lower the phosphorus level, but its water clarity remains poor, despite the fact that it was treated with Alum in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>Fish in the lake include bass, crappies, sunfish, and numerous carp and catfish. During the warmer months, Blue Heron and White Egrets fish the shoreline. Beavers are present on the western part of the bay as evidenced by the downed trees.</p><br>
<p>Chartiers Creek is a tributary of the Ohio River in Western Pennsylvania in the United States. The creek was named after Peter Chartier, a trapper of French and Native American parentage who established a trading post at the mouth of the creek in 1743.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>Chartiers Creek winds from its headwaters in Washington County through Allegheny County, where it meets the Ohio River at McKees Rocks and Pittsburgh&#39;s West End, three miles west of the Point at Pittsburgh.</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries</h2><br>
<p>(Mouth at the Ohio River)</p><br>
<p>Little Chartiers Creek joins Chartiers Creek at Peters Township.</p><br>
<p>Chartiers Run joins Chartiers Creek at the borough of Houston.</p><br>
<h2>Environmental issues</h2><br>
<p>Acid mine drainage, agricultural and industrial runoff, and sewer overflow made Chartiers Creek one of the most polluted watersheds in Pennsylvania. Although improvements have been made, the watershed remains significantly impaired.</p><br>
<p>Plans have been considered to establish the course of Chartiers Creek as a greenway including a multi-use path that would stretch from Canonsburg Lake to the Ohio River. Such a path could eventually provide connections with the Montour Trail near Lawrence, the Panhandle Trail near Carnegie, and the Three Rivers Heritage Trail in McKees Rocks.</p><br>
<p>The Broughton Archipelago is a group of islands on the northeastern flank of the Queen Charlotte Strait on the coast of British Columbia, Canada. The largest islands in the group, which includes numerous smaller islets, are Broughton Island, North Broughton Island, Eden Island, Bonwick Island and Baker Island. The islands are all located within the Regional District of Mount Waddington; however, nearly all lands in the area are owned by the Provincial Crown and most settlements in the area, with the exclusion of floating settlements, are either Indian Reserves of bands of the Musgamagw Tsawataineuk Tribal Council or fish farms under the jurisdiction of the federal Department of Fisheries and Oceans.</p><br>
<p>The archipelago is the traditional territory of the Kwicksutaineuk-ah-kwa-mish and Tsawataineuk subgroups of the Kwakwaka&#39;wakw peoples and is the focus of controversy over commercial fish-farming by Norwegian aquaculture companies. One of the most prominent studies carried out to assess the relationship between fish farms and sea lice infestations on wild species was carried out in this archipelago in the spring of 2002.</p><br>
<p>Broughton Archipelago was named in 1792 by George Vancouver in honor of William Robert Broughton, the captain of the expedition&#39;s second ship, HMS Chatham.</p><br>
<p>Little Yosemite Valley is a smaller glacial valley upstream in the Merced River drainage from the Yosemite Valley in Yosemite National Park. The Merced River meanders through the 3.5 mi long flat valley, draining out over Nevada Fall and Vernal Fall before emptying into the main Yosemite Valley. It can be reached by a day hike from the main valley, and is the most popular area in the Yosemite Wilderness. The Valley provides access to nearby destinations such as the back side of Half Dome, Clouds Rest and the High Sierra Camp at Merced Lake.</p><br>
<p>Little Yosemite Valley is a tread on the glacial stairway of the Merced River that runs from Yosemite Valley up to Mount Lyell, gaining some 7,600 ft of vertical elevation over 21 mi and is situated some 2,000 ft in elevation above Yosemite Valley proper.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The north wall of Little Yosemite has not been subject to the same kinds of glacial planing as the south wall because the granite rocks of Moraine Dome and Sugar Bowl Dome are tougher and more resistant. This is remarkable considering that it is likely that Little Yosemite was not only scoured repeatedly by glaciers that were wholly contained by the canyon, but also overrun by glaciers that overflowed the Merced canyon and spread widely into surrounding uplands with occasional surges of ice contributed over the pass from the overflowing Tuolumne River basin. These rocks were thus subject to tremendous gravitational and flow forces yet retain a remarkable degree of integrity, eroding almost exclusively and superficially along exfoliation joints.</p><br>
<p>The south wall of the valley has been subject to extensive glacial planing, with all jointed granite completely smoothed away, leaving a stark, featureless unjointed sheer cliff face, as is apparent in the image of Little Yosemite Valley from Washburn Point, above right. The west end and south wall of the canyon are "exceptionally massive, few cliffs anywhere in the Yosemite region exhibit a more complete absence of fractures." This also leads to an almost complete absence of vegetation as well, as there are few opportunities for roothold. The north wall in contrast, and similarly to the north wall of Yosemite Valley, has been subject to much less glacial planing and is much more differentiated and vegetated.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<h3>Liberty Cap and Mount Broderick</h3><br>
<p>Liberty Cap is a granite dome in Yosemite National Park, California, United States, which lies at the extreme northwestern margin of Little Yosemite Valley. It lies adjacent, to the north of Nevada Fall, on the John Muir Trail at 37&deg;43&prime;43&Prime;N latitude, 119&deg;31&prime;57&Prime;W longitude. It rises 1,700 ft feet from the base of Nevada Fall to a peak elevation of 7,076 ft. A smaller, mesa-like dome called Mount Broderick stands immediately adjacent to Liberty Cap. Together, they form a barrier on the north side of the mouth of Little Yosemite Valley.</p><br>
<p>Both Liberty Cap and Mount Broderick are roches moutonnées, features that protruded above or resisting being overridden by successive Merced River glaciers because they are made of massive unjointed granite sufficiently resistant to glacial erosive power, leaving them prominent in the post-glacial landscape. Both features are glacially polished on their glacier-facing side and ragged on their leeward side.</p><br>
<h3>Half Dome</h3><br>
<p>Half Dome is a granite dome in Yosemite National Park located at the northwestern end of Little Yosemite Valley at 37&deg;44&prime;45.6&Prime;N latitude, 119&deg;31&prime;59.4&Prime;W longitude</p><br>
<p>— possibly Yosemite&#39;s most familiar rock formation. The granite crest rises more than 4,737 ft above the Yosemite Valley floor at Tenaya Canyon and 2,686 ft above the floor of Little Yosemite Valley.</p><br>
<p>The trail to Half Dome branches to the north from the main Little Yosemite Valley trail near the ranger station, out houses and campground.</p><br>
<h3>Moraine Dome</h3><br>
<p>Moraine Dome is a granite dome in Yosemite National Park along the northern margin of Little Yosemite Valley at 37&deg;44&prime;35.15&Prime;N latitude, 119&deg;29&prime;24.49&Prime;W longitude which rises to an elevation of 8,036 ft AMSL, 1,906 ft above the Merced River. Moraine Dome is notable because the presence of lateral moraines from the Merced Glacier. It is likely that these moraines represent the highest level attained by glacial ice in Little Yosemite Valley. Although it is about as high as Sentinel Dome Moraine Dome is dwarfed to relative insignificance by its proximity to the bulk and elevation of Clouds Rest to the north.</p><br>
<p>The south western margin of Moraine Dome is wrapped by a broad, striped granite apron with an approximately 40° slope that appears to rise some 500 ft from the valley floor.</p><br>
<h3>Sugar Loaf</h3><br>
<p>Sugar Loaf Dome is a granite dome in Yosemite National Park at the northeastern head of Little Yosemite Valley at 37&deg;44&prime;27.47&Prime;N latitude, 119&deg;28&prime;44.94&Prime;W longitude which rises to 7,697 ft AMSL.</p><br>
<p>Although Sugar Loaf Dome has been repeatedly subject to glaciation, the core of this spur has resisted the icy onslaughts because what remains today is massive throughout except for one master joint, horizontal in character. Post-glaciation, Sugar Loaf Dome retains a 1,300 feet rise over, and its shoulder perturbs the course of the Merced River and provides the relief over which the river descends into Little Yosemite via Cascade Fall.</p><br>
<h3>Cascade Fall</h3><br>
<p>Cascade Fall at 37&deg;44&prime;11.32&Prime;N latitude, 119&deg;28&prime;53.13&Prime;W longitude, elevation 6,225 ft AMSL tumbles via a Water Wheel over the glacially polished granite saddle between Sugar Loaf and Bunnell Point into a delightful pool at the eastern head of Little Yosemite Valley. This cascade is often mistaken for Bunnell Cascade which is located between the Lost Valley and Echo Valley at 37&deg;44&prime;43.87&Prime;N latitude, 119&deg;28&prime;14.95&Prime;W longitude.</p><br>
<h3>Bunnell Point</h3><br>
<p>Bunnell Point is a granite dome summit in Mariposa County, California. Bunnell Point rises to 8,173 ft AMSL. Bunnell Point is located at 37&deg;44&prime;19.73&Prime;N latitude, 119&deg;28&prime;2.57&Prime;W longitude comprising the southeast margin of Little Yosemite Valley.</p><br>
<h3>Cascade Cliffs</h3><br>
<p>Cascade Cliffs is a wall of unjointed granite that rises to 8,170 ft AMSL, 1,930 ft above the Merced River and make up the southern wall of Little Yosemite Valley at 37&deg;43&prime;27.73&Prime;N latitude, 119&deg;29&prime;13.56&Prime;W longitude, 1.6 mi southwest of Bunnell Point and 2.4 mi northeast of Mount Starr King, of which Cascade Cliffs comprises the northern flank. In few other places in the Yosemite region is the granite more continuously massive than in the Cascade Cliffs. Only one horizontal master joint divides the rock (in the lower left) The scales on the cliffs are merely surficial features due to exfoliation. The dark streaks indicate the paths followed by the ribbon cascades which descend from the upland in the spring, when the snow is melting, and from which the cliffs take their name. There are two wide, relatively short yet quite deep arches at the bottom of the cliff.</p><br>
<h2>Facilities</h2><br>
<h3>Trail</h3><br>
<p>The Merced River enters Little Yosemite Valley at 6,185 ft at the pool at the base of the cascade and leaves the valley at 5,907 ft for a total elevation difference of 278 ft over a trail length of 3.25 mi.</p><br>
<p>The trail is largely forested, with two notable areas of exposure, the first.1 mi on the approach to the southwest buttress of Moraine Dome and the second.25 mi of burned forest, at approximately 2.3 mi above Nevada Fall, across from Cascade Cliffs.</p><br>
<h3>Campground</h3><br>
<p>The hike-in campground here is a little under 4 miles (6.5 km) from the trailhead in Yosemite Valley and about 3.5 miles (5.5 km) from the summit of Half Dome at 37&deg;43&prime;57.43&Prime;N latitude, 119&deg;30&prime;51.68&Prime;W longitude.</p><br>
<p>Fires are allowed in the two communal campfire rings just outside the campground. Potable (drinking) water is not available at the campground. River water is available nearby, at the Merced River. The river is the only water source for the area. Little Yosemite Valley Ranger Station is staffed during summer. A composting toilet is available for use near the campground 37&deg;44&prime;0.45&Prime;N latitude, 119&deg;30&prime;55.99&Prime;W longitude</p><br>
<p>The Park Service provides communal food lockers at the campground in which to store food, toiletries, and trash safe from abundant hungry black bears that frequent Little Yosemite.</p><br>
<p>Greystone, also called the Camp House, is a prominent historic home in Knoxville, Tennessee, that houses the studios and offices of WATE-TV. It is an imposing structure, and is on the National Register of Historic Places. The mansion is located at 1306 Broadway.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Major Eldad Cicero Camp began constructing his home in 1885. Architect Alfred B. Mullet designed the mansion in the Richardson Romanesque style. Mullett had previously designed the Customs House building in downtown Knoxville. The home is two and a half stories, with a three-story tower in the front. The exterior of the home is sheathed in stone from a quarry in Lake City, Tennessee. The home contains elaborate hand-carved mantels from France. Each room is paneled in a different type of wood. The heads of windows include stained glass panels, and 22 different types of marble are used in the house. The site also includes a carriage house.</p><br>
<p>Major Camp was born in Ohio, served in the Union army during the Civil War, made Knoxville his home and was appointed a USA District Attorney by President Ulysses S. Grant.</p><br>
<p>The Camp family used the home until 1935. When Camps heirs were no longer able to maintain the house, they sold some of the furnishings and subdivided the mansion into apartments. The condition of the building declined during its rental use, until WATE-TV purchased the building in 1965 at a cost of $75,000. Over the next two years, the mansion was restored and renovated for use by the television station. The restoration and renovation process cost $1.5 million. The first floor of the building was preserved and restored largely in its original form. A new 13,000 ft2 addition on the back of the building housed the stations studios. In April 1973, Greystone was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Wimbleball Lake on Exmoor in Somerset, England, is a water supply reservoir constructed in the 1970s and completed in 1979.</p><br>
<p>The 161 ft high dam is of concrete buttress construction and impounds the River Haddeo to provide a water storage capacity of some 21,000 megalitres over an area of 374 acre. Aggregate for the dam came from a quarry at Bampton and sand from Uffculme. These were combined to give a pinkish tinge to blend in with the local geology.</p><br>
<p>The tributary valleys include the River Pulham, which passes the village of Brompton Regis and continues to Hartford where it joins the Haddeo.</p><br>
<p>At times of low flow in the River Exe, water is released into the river for abstraction downstream at Tiverton and Exeter. The effects of this regulation of the water flow from the lake have been studied by comparing the regulated River Haddeo and the neighbouring (unregulated) River Pulham. It showed that the main thermal effects of impoundment and regulation have been to raise mean water temperature, eliminate freezing conditions, depress summer maximum values, delay the annual cycle and reduce diurnal fluctuation.</p><br>
<p>In 2001 - 2002 South West Water commissioned a detailed assessment of fish population, physical habitat, flow and water quality data within the River Haddeo, since it has been subject to regulated releases from Wimbleball Reservoir, to identify potential bottlenecks restricting the development of juvenile salmon populations.</p><br>
<p>Managed by the charity South West Lakes Trust, the lake offers a popular location for walking, camping, birdwatching, angling, sailing, windsurfing, canoeing, rowing and kayaking. In December 2005 the trust was successful in obtaining funding for a £1 million project to provide a new rowing store, conversion of barn space into showers and changing areas, new sports equipment, an accessible bird hide, and interpretation, improved access, and signage around the site. In 2006 a new £1 million activity centre opened.</p><br>
<p>Wimbleball Sailing Club provides training, cruising and racing for its members, it is a non profit family sailing club operating every Sunday throughout the year and Wednesday, Friday and Saturday during the summer. The club is also home to a Sailability group providing sailing for the disabled.</p><br>
<p>The southern end of the lake is overlooked by the tower of Old Church of St James, Upton.</p><br>
<p>The Homewood Museum is a historical museum located on the Johns Hopkins University campus in Baltimore, Maryland. It was listed as a National Historic Landmark in 1971, noted as a family home of Maryland&#39;s Carroll family. It, along with Evergreen Museum & Library, make up the Johns Hopkins University Museums.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Homewood Estate was offered as a wedding gift in 1800 by Charles Carroll of Carrollton, (1737-1832), the longest surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence, to his son Charles Carroll Jr. It occupied 140 acre acres in northern Baltimore and was first known as "Merrymans Lott." Carroll had purchased the parcel of land in 1794. Charles Carroll Jr. began construction on a stately and modern country home of his own design in 1801 and had mostly finished by 1808. It cost $40,000, four times the budgeted expense. For reasons both personal and political, "Homewood" led to a severe breach in relations between father and son. Ultimately, Carroll (Senior) bought the house from his son in 1824 and managed the "most improvident waste" until his sons death the next year. The house then passed to Charles Carroll III, (the grandson), who lived there until he inherited the rural landmark family estate, Doughoregan Manor (in modern Howard County), from his grandfather.</p><br>
<p>The house was the birthplace of John Lee Carroll in 1830, second son of Charles Carroll, III, who would become Governor of Maryland. In 1839, Charles Carroll III sold Homewood to Samuel Wyman, a Baltimore merchant, who lived there with his family until 1865. During the Wyman familys tenure, Wymans son William commissioned Richard Upjohn to build an Italianate mansion on the grounds, named "Homewood Villa." The Villa was demolished by Johns Hopkins University in 1954; however, the gatehouse to the estate remains, and can be seen as an example of the villa design. On Samuel Wyman&#39;s death the property was divided between his sons. In 1897, Homewood House became the first Gilman School, known at its founding as The Country School for Boys. In 1902 the property was reassembled and given to Johns Hopkins University.</p><br>
<p>In 1916 the mansion became the University Faculty Club. In 1936, Homewood was converted to offices for the university president and deans. Johns Hopkins University now operates Homewood Museum, which opened to the public in 1987, and its Federal-style architecture, with its red brick and white marble, serves as the inspiration for the campus&#39; design.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Homewood exhibits a Palladian-inspired five-part plan, that reflects harmony in the proportions and sophisticated details in its construction. The five-part plan is based on a central block comprising the main residence, with flanking pavilions or dependencies linked to the center by hyphens. The house, while planned and massed in the Georgian style, uses Federal-style detailing, reflecting influences of the English architecture of Robert Adam. While Georgian architecture has significant surface relief, the Federal style is flatter, with smaller-scale details, as seen at Homewood. The four-columned portico dominates the main elevation.</p><br>
<p>The 1½ story central block was the center for formal entertainment, with a reception room, dining room and drawing room on the south side. The west wing was devoted to services, such as kitchens, while the east wing was for family use, on a more intimate basis than the main house. Unlike many five-part houses in the area, the central block did not have a full second floor, causing bedrooms and family areas to move into the wings.</p><br>
<p>Homewood is furnished today as it would have been in the 19th century. It is home to the Homewood Museum, which features period furnishings that complement its architecture.</p><br>
<p>Evergreen Museum & Library, also known as Evergreen House, is a historical museum of the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is located between the campuses of the College of Notre Dame and Loyola College. It, along with Homewood Museum, make up the Johns Hopkins University Museums.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The mansion was built in the mid-19th century and bought in 1878 by the president of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, John W. Garrett. Railroads were then a key industry in the United States and, as Baltimores Garrett family owned and managed one of the biggest rail companies, the home grew and became both luxurious and famous. John Garretts son T. Harrison added a wing containing a billiard room, bowling alley, and a gymnasium, which in later years were converted into an art gallery and private theater.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house, a magnificent example of Gilded Age architecture, sits on a 26 acre landscaped site in Northern Baltimore and is on the National Register of Historic Places. The initial design was a more modest Italianate house but, with the Garretts, it became a 48-room mansion with a 23-karat gold plated bathroom, a 30,000-book library, and a theatre painted by famous Russian artist Léon Bakst. The abundant decorative items in the house reflect the Garretts&#39; travels and interests, including a red Asian room displaying Japanese and Chinese items, paintings by Picasso, Modigliani, and Degas, glass by Tiffany or Dutch marquetry.</p><br>
<p>Today, the university manages the museum and offers guided tours.</p><br>
<h2>Library</h2><br>
<p>The John Work Garrett Library is under the aegis of the Department of Special Collections at the Johns Hopkins University. The collection totals over 30,000 volumes, the majority of which were collected by John Work Garrett (1872–1942) and his father, T. Harrison Garrett (1849–1888). The collection is especially strong in literature of the English Renaissance, including the Shakespeare Folios of 1623, 1632, and 1663. Other collection strengths include natural history, such as the original pattern plates for James Sowerby&#39;s Mineral Conchology of Great Britain, travel literature, architecture, and early Americana, such as the manuscript of The History of the Ancient and Honorable Tuesday Club by Alexander Hamilton (Maryland doctor). It also has a small but choice collection of incunabula and books of hours.</p><br>
<p>The Aiguille Blanche de Peuterey  is a mountain of the Mont Blanc massif in Italy. It is considered the most difficult and serious of the alpine 4000-m mountains to climb.</p><br>
<p>There are three tops to the mountain:</p><br>
<p>Pointe Güssfeldt (4,112 m)</p><br>
<p>Pointe Seymour King (4,107 m)</p><br>
<p>Pointe Jones (4,104 m)</p><br>
<p>The three tops are named after Paul Güssfeldt, Henry Seymour King and Humphrey Owen Jones.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>The highest point, Pointe Güssfeldt, was first climbed by Henry Seymour King with guides Emile Rey, Ambros Supersaxo and Aloys Anthamatten on 31 July 1885.</p><br>
<p>In July 1882, Francis Maitland Balfour, a young English professor, lost his life whilst attempting the as-yet-unclimbed summit of the Aiguille Blanche along with his guide Johann Petrus (an uncle of Joseph Knubel). C. D. Cunningham and Emile Rey watched anxiously and silently as the pair set off on the 18th, and it was Rey who was subsequently leader of the search party that brought back their bodies to Courmayeur.</p><br>
<h2>Peuterey ridge</h2><br>
<p>Together with its neighbour – the Aiguille Noire de Peuterey (3,773 m) – the Aiguille Blanche forms part of the Peuterey ridge that leads, via the summit of the Grand Pilier d&#39;Angle, to the summit of Mont Blanc. James Eccles, with guides Alphonse and Michel Payot, made the first ascent of the upper part of the ridge during their first ascent of Mont Blanc de Courmayeur on 31 July 1877. The main ridge itself was first climbed via a couloir on the Brenva face by Paul Güssfeldt with Emile Rey, Christian Klucker and César Ollier on 15–19 August 1893 (the second ascent was a week later by Klucker and John Percy Farrar). The first ascent of the complete ridge including the Aiguille Noire de Peuterey (the Intégrale) was on 28–31 July 1934 by Adolf Göttner, Ludwig Schmaderer and Ferdinand Krobath.</p><br>
<h2>Photo gallery</h2><br>
<p>The Colonel John Williams House in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States, was built in 1825–1826 by Melinda White Williams, wife of Colonel John Williams, while he was away serving as Chargé dAffaires to Guatemala for President John Quincy Adams.  The home is designed in the Federal style, with a noteworthy pediment with a fanlight at the roofline.</p><br>
<p>Col. Williams was originally from Surry County, North Carolina. He was the fourth son of Colonel Joseph and Rebekah Lanier Williams. He served as Tennessee&#39;s Attorney General from 1807–1808, was a USA Senator representing Tennessee from 1815–1823 and was the hero of the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814 (Jackson’s first military victory.) His Senate career ended in 1823, when General Andrew Jackson won the seat. Colonel Williams also served as a trustee of East Tennessee College (now the University of Tennessee). Colonel Williams died in 1837, and Melinda died eight months later. Both are buried in the First Presbyterian Church Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The house and property were sold to Abner Jackson, co-owner of A.G. Jackson & Company, a dry goods store, in 1855. He owned the house until his death in 1869. Beginning in 1883 it was leased to the state of Tennessee for use as the Colored Deaf and Dumb School. The state purchased the building in 1885, and enlarged it.</p><br>
<p>It was rehabbed by the state in both 1923 and 1948. In the latter it was turned into classrooms for students and was last used in approximately 1982. For many years it was vacant while adjoining buildings were used for the Sertoma Learning Center.</p><br>
<p>After asbestos was found in those other buildings, Sertoma moved to other quarters and the state abandoned the property in 1991. The property was purchased by descendants of the former owners in 1998 and has been restored. The house is now joined by The First Tee of Greater Knoxville and an 18 hole par 3 golf facility, Williams Creek Golf Course.</p><br>
<p>In 1842, Williams&#39; son, also known as "Colonel John Williams", built another Federal-style brick house in the vicinity that still stands, the Williams-Richards House at 2225 Riverside Drive.</p><br>
<p>Grafton Notch is a notch, or mountain pass, located in Oxford County, Maine. The notch demarks the northeastern end the Mahoosuc Range, and thus of the White Mountains. Maine State Route 26 passes through the notch.</p><br>
<p>North of the drainage divide, the notch drains into the Swift Cambridge River, then into the Dead Cambridge River and Umbagog Lake, the source of the Androscoggin River, which drains into Merrymeeting Bay, the estuary of the Kennebec River, and thence into the Gulf of Maine. To the south, the notch drains into the Bear River, then into the Androscoggin.</p><br>
<p>Maine&#39;s Grafton Notch State Park includes the land along the bottom of the notch, and extends as far south as the summit of Old Speck Mountain on the southwest side of the notch. On the northeast side, it includes the lowest slopes of Baldpate Mountain.</p><br>
<p>The Appalachian Trail, a 2,170 mi National Scenic Trail from Georgia to Maine, crosses the notch between Old Speck and Baldpate.</p><br>
<p>The Avery Russell House, also called the Martin-Russell House or the Campbell Station Inn, is a historic home located at 11409 Kingston Pike in Farragut, Tennessee, United States.</p><br>
<p>The Federal-style two story brick structure was built by Samuel Martin as an inn around 1835, on the site of David Campbells 1787 blockhouse. Just before the Civil War, the inn was sold to Avery Russell, who then used it as a family residence. It remained in the Russell family for six generations. During the Battle of Campbells Station in 1863, the house served as a temporary hospital.</p><br>
<p>Although it has had several alterations, the house remains an example of rural East Tennessee architecture. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Alfred Buffat Homestead, also known as The Maples, is a historic home with several surviving outbuildings located on Love Creek Road in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States. Its architectural style is Italianate.</p><br>
<p>Alfred Buffat was a French-Swiss immigrant. He built the first story of The Maples in 1867 for his bride. A second story was added three years later. The house has wood siding, with a modest front porch. The property originally included a grist mill and other buildings. In addition to the main house, the miller&#39;s cottage, smokehouses, wash house, barns and utility buildings are still standing.</p><br>
<p>The house is a private residence, and is not open to the public. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>Old Gray Cemetery is the second-oldest cemetery in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States. Established in 1850, the 13.47 acre cemetery contains the graves of some of Knoxville&#39;s most influential citizens, ranging from politicians and soldiers, to artists and activists. The cemetery is also noted for the Victorian era marble sculpture and elaborate carvings adorning many of the grave markers and headstones. In 1996, the cemetery was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Named for English poet Thomas Gray (1716–1771), Old Gray Cemetery is an example of a so-called garden cemetery, a mid-19th-century style that sought the transition of graveyards from urban churchyards to quiet suburban plots. Unlike its crowded predecessor, the First Presbyterian Church Cemetery, Old Gray features spacious graves, grand monuments, and extensive vegetation, and its layout bears more resemblance to a public park. Playwright Tennessee Williams mentions Old Gray in his short story, "The Man in the Overstuffed Chair," and Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist Peter Taylor alludes to the cemetery in his book, In the Tennessee Country. The cemetery was simply known as "Gray Cemetery" until 1892, when "New" Gray Cemetery was established about a mile away.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>By the 1840s, the garden cemetery movement, driven largely by the fame of Pariss Père Lachaise Cemetery, had gained popularity in France, England, and the United States, as planners in various large cities began building larger, more elaborate cemeteries in their respective cities outskirts and suburbs. During this period, Knoxville&#39;s leaders sought such a cemetery for Knoxville, as many had incorrectly believed the First Presbyterian Church Cemetery (near the center of town) had caused a deadly epidemic in 1838. In February 1850, a board of trustees, led by East Tennessee University president William B. Reese, was appointed to buy land and sell lots for a new cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The site of Old Gray Cemetery was previously pastureland located just outside Knoxvilles northwestern city limits. Only a mile from the citys downtown area, it was considered ideal for a suburban cemetery. The first land for the cemetery was purchased in December 1849, and landscape architect Frederick Douglass was hired to come up with a groundplan. At the suggestion of Reese&#39;s wife, Henrietta, the cemetery was named after English poet Thomas Gray, author of Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery was dedicated on June 1, 1852, with the sale of the first 40 grave lots. The first burial had, however, occurred on July 15 of the previous year, after a local man named William Martin died of wounds from a cannon explosion during the citys Fourth-of-July celebration. Martins grave was not marked, but a small marble memorial in the northwest section of the cemetery recalls the incident.</p><br>
<p>Many of the cemeterys early burials were victims of Knoxvilles 1854 cholera epidemic. The cemetery also contains several dozen victims of the New Market train wreck of 1904. In 1912, the cemetery witnessed one of the largest funeral processions ever conducted in the South, when some 40,000 mourners attended the burial of former Tennessee governor Robert "Fiddlin Bob" Taylor (Taylors grave has since been moved to Johnson City.)</p><br>
<h2>Layout</h2><br>
<p>Old Gray Cemetery is shaped like an awkward pentagon, with a "handle" opening toward its main (eastern) entrance on Broadway. Secondary entrances are located in the northern corner along Tyson Street and in the western corner along Cooper Street. A paved avenue connects all three entrances, and paved roadways twist and turn throughout the cemetery. Roads, trees, and grave plots all follow the natural topography. The National Register-listed St. Johns Lutheran Church stands opposite the cemeterys main entrance.</p><br>
<p>The cemeterys administrative office is located just inside the main gate. Beyond the entrance, the main avenue splits around a circle, which once contained the 20 ft Albers Fountain. The cemeterys perimeter is partially surrounded by a low stone wall, and partially by an iron fence, with double-iron gates and marble posts at the main entrance, and walk-through gates at the secondary entrances. The cemetery&#39;s northwest wall is shared with the adjacent Knoxville National Cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>Monuments</h2><br>
<p>Unlike many modern cemeteries, where the gravemarkers are carved from granite (which is more durable), most of the decorative monuments at Old Gray are carved from marble. While not as durable as granite, marble is softer, and thus lends itself to more elaborate designs. Victorian angels—guardians of the dead—are the most common type of sculpture. Obelisks—which were popular grave monuments during the late 19th-century—are also found throughout the cemetery. Other notable markers include Woodmen of the World monuments—carved to depict undressed tree logs—where were given to the order&#39;s members as part of a life insurance policy. Elaborate crosses are also common, including several celtic crosses.</p><br>
<p>One of the most notable sculptures is the Horne monument, which is a near life-size statue of a Confederate soldier guarding the graves of Confederate veterans William and John Horne. A statue carved by Italian sculptor Antonio Bebelotti graces the graves of the parents of art collector Eleanor Swan Audigier, who obtained the statue while living in Rome. The obelisk of Frank S. Mead, carved by Knoxville sculptor D. H. Geddes, was used on advertisements by Mead&#39;s marble company.</p><br>
<h2>Notable interments</h2><br>
<p>For years, visitors to the Old Gray Cemetery have commented on the various "adversaries" buried within sight of one another. Among the most well-known of these are Knoxville businessman Joseph Alexander Mabry, Jr., his son Joseph Alexander Mabry III, and Mechanics National Bank president Thomas OConnor, all three of whom were killed in an 1882 shootout discussed in Mark Twain&#39;s Life on the Mississippi. The family plots of two bitter Civil War rivals, pro-Unionist William "Parson" Brownlow and pro-secessionist John Hervey Crozier, are separated only by a roadway. Two other Civil War adversaries, Union Army major Eldad Cicero Camp and Confederate colonel Henry Ashby, are also buried at Old Gray, the latter having been killed in a scuffle with Camp in downtown Knoxville in 1868.</p><br>
<p>Cornelius Coffin Williams (1879–1957), father of playwright Tennessee Williams, is buried in the cemetery, and his funeral is discussed in Williamss "The Man in The Overstuffed Chair." Eliza Boond Hodgson (1810–1870), mother of author Frances Hodgson Burnett, is also buried at Old Gray, her grave being one of the few surviving relicts of Burnetts years in the city. Author Peter Taylor mentions a 1916 funeral at a "Knoxville cemetery" for a fictitious politician in his novel, In the Tennessee Country, which may be an allusion to the lavish funeral of his grandfather, Governor Robert Love Taylor, which took place at Old Gray in 1912.</p><br>
<p>Alexander O. Anderson (1794–1869), USA senator</p><br>
<p>Henry Ashby (1836–1868), Confederate colonel</p><br>
<p>Richard W. Austin (1857–1919), USA congressman</p><br>
<p>Lloyd Branson (1853–1925), Knoxville artist</p><br>
<p>William G. "Parson" Brownlow (1805–1877), Tennessee governor and USA senator, editor of the Knoxville Whig</p><br>
<p>Eldad Cicero Camp (1839–1920), Knoxville businessman, founder of the Coal Creek Coal Company</p><br>
<p>William Caswell (1846–1926), Confederate general</p><br>
<p>William Montgomery Churchwell (1826–1862), USA congressman, president of the failed Bank of East Tennessee in the 1850s</p><br>
<p>John Hervey Crozier (1812–1889), USA congressman</p><br>
<p>Perez Dickinson (1813–1901), Knoxville businessman, founder of the city&#39;s Board of Trade</p><br>
<p>Hubert Frederick Fisher (1877 – 1941) USA congressman, football coach (University of Tennessee 1902-1903)</p><br>
<p>John M. Fleming (1832-1900), newspaper editor and state legislator</p><br>
<p>Lizzie Crozier French (1851–1926), womens suffragist leader, founder of Knoxvilles Ossoli Circle</p><br>
<p>William Heiskell (1788&ndash;1871), post-Civil War Speaker of the Tennessee House of Representatives</p><br>
<p>Leonidas Houk (1836–1891), USA congressman</p><br>
<p>Thomas William Humes (1815–1892), president of East Tennessee University, oversaw school&#39;s transition into the University of Tennessee</p><br>
<p>Peter Kern (1835&ndash;1907), Mayor of Knoxville and founder of Kern&#39;s Bakery</p><br>
<p>Joseph Knaffl (1861&ndash;1938), photographer</p><br>
<p>Joseph Alexander Mabry, Jr. (1826–1882), Knoxville businessman, builder of Mabry-Hazen House, helped establish Market Square (his name appears as "Joseph Alexander Mabry, Sr." on his monument)</p><br>
<p>Horace Maynard (1814–1882), USA congressman and postmaster general</p><br>
<p>Charles McClung (1761–1835), pioneer surveyor who laid out Knoxville in the 1790s; grave moved here by his descendants in 1904</p><br>
<p>Lee McClung (1870–1914), Yale football standout and 22nd Treasurer of the United States</p><br>
<p>Charles McClung McGhee (1828–1907), Knoxville railroad magnate, founder of Lawson McGhee Library</p><br>
<p>Frank Seymour Mead (1864&ndash;1936), Knoxville businessman, founder of Republic Marble Company</p><br>
<p>Thomas A. R. Nelson (1812–1873), USA congressman</p><br>
<p>William Rule (1839–1928), Knoxville mayor, founder of the Knoxville Journal</p><br>
<p>Edward J. Sanford (1831&ndash;1902), Knoxville businessman</p><br>
<p>William Henry Sneed (1812–1869), USA congressman</p><br>
<p>Peter Staub (1827&ndash;1904), Knoxville mayor and businessman, established Staubs Theater, Knoxvilles first opera house</p><br>
<p>Oliver Perry Temple (1820&ndash;1907), attorney, judge, and economic promoter</p><br>
<p>Jacob Montgomery Thornburgh (1837–1890), USA congressman</p><br>
<p>Charles McGhee Tyson (1889–1918), World War I pilot who was shot down and killed while patrolling the North Sea in 1918 and later became the namesake of McGhee Tyson Airport</p><br>
<p>Lawrence Tyson (1861–1929), World War I general and USA senator.</p><br>
<p>Catherine Wiley (1879–1958), Knoxville artist</p><br>
<p>Joseph Lanier Williams (1810–1865), USA congressman.</p><br>
<p>Temple Mountain is a 2,045 ft ridge located in south-central New Hampshire within the Wapack Range of mountains. It lies within Sharon and Temple, New Hampshire; the 22 mi Wapack Trail traverses the mountain, and the northern face includes the 350 acre Temple Mountain Reservation, owned by the state. The mountain is 3.5 mi long and has several summits; three of them are named: Burton Peak 2,010 ft, Whitcomb Peak 1,710 ft, and Holt Peak, the high point.</p><br>
<p>The mountain was home to the former Temple Mountain Ski Area, which is now a state-owned recreation area.</p><br>
<p>Pack Monadnock Mountain is located directly to the north along the Wapack ridgeline; Kidder Mountain to the south. Much of the north face of the mountain, formerly the Temple Mountain Ski Area, is the state-owned Temple Mountain Reservation Area. Scattered ledges along the ridgeline offer long vistas west to Mount Monadnock and south along the spine of the Wapack Range; the abandoned ski area on the north side of the mountain offers 270-degree views.</p><br>
<p>The east side of the mountain drains into the Souhegan River watershed, thence into the Merrimack River and Atlantic Ocean; the west side drains into the Contoocook River, thence into the Merrimack River.</p><br>
<p>Bocas de Fogo  is a volcano near the community of Urzelina, Velas municipality, São Jorge Island, Azores. It erupted in May and June 1808, causing destruction and over 30 deaths in Urzelina and producing a basalt field of volcanic rock extending to the Ponta da Urzelina. The eruption was the last sub-aerial event observed in the Azores; most recent eruptions have occurred along submarine vents, with the Capelinhos eruption  starting as a submarine eruption  and the 1998–2001 Serreta eruption being exclusively submarine .</p><br>
<h2>Eruption</h2><br>
<p>In the late morning of May 1, 1808, after a few days of intense seismic activity (that produced approximately eight tremors per hour), a fissural eruption occurred in the foothills of Manadas. Its eruption, which also affected other districts, was followed by gaseous emanations and lava flows that caused several deaths and destruction in the parish of Urzelina.</p><br>
<p>The events of the eruptions were reconstructed from various descriptions after the event, the most significant coming from Father João Ignácio da Silveira, parish priest of Santo Amaro. From these accounts, he wrote of a "great cloud of fire" that grew above the parish of Urzelina which was followed by abundant ash showers.</p><br>
<p>A similar account was described by João Soares de Albergaria de Sousa, in the quasi-political document Corografia Açórica:</p><br>
<p>The volcanic activity continued until May 4, from several points above Urzelina, migrating to as far as 1.5 km towards the direction of Entre Ribeiras. The parish of Santo Amaro was also affected on May 11, when two craters in the area of Areias began expelling lava which forced the evacuation of the population.</p><br>
<h3>Pyroclastic flows</h3><br>
<p>Fifteen days after the initial eruption, explosive activity occurred again above Urzelina. This new episode was accompanied by the production of lava that destroyed a great part of the parish, fostering gas clouds and nuée ardente that caused the death of thirty people.</p><br>
<p>In the Revue Scientifique de la France a de l’Etranger, Ferdinand André Fouqué writing on the eruptions of 1580 and 1808 verified, in the two craters that he investigated the implications of the pyroclastic flows:</p><br>
<p>A similar description was compiled by João Teixeira Soares, writing in the O Jorgense (numbers 21, 22 of August 15 and September 1, 1872) He was a little more specific, noting that in the timeline of the events, that around June 5, ten days after the first emissions covered the island, fumes flowed to the east and west, causing a large surge in temperatures and devastating the vegetation.</p><br>
<h3>Poisonous gases</h3><br>
<p>Fouque, continued:</p><br>
<p>These suffocating gases, which were probably carboxylic acid, were harmful to the population; the thick water-vapor, which condensed in a reddish color, rapidly spread unnoticed through the local vegetation (a mix chloric and sulfuric acids) which were expelled as aqueous vapors.</p><br>
<p>Physically, the events was centered on seven craters, in the area known as Lagoinhas, and its effects were most prominent around the area near the Church of São Mateus. The temple itself was survived by the bell-tower, which became an ex-libris for the island of São Jorge. Even following the eruption, gas emissions continued to be observed from the craters and lava flows.</p><br>
<h3>Reactions</h3><br>
<p>Abandoned by the civil judge, the remaining councilmen, appointed by Royal charter (December 12, 1806), Captain Amaro Teixeira de Sousa, Sargent-major José Soares de Sousa, Capitan João Ignacio da Silveira, and municipal attorney Jorge José Covilhão closed themselves off in the municipal chambers in order to concentrate on the crisis, detailing all their actions in a ledger.</p><br>
<p>Captain-General D. Miguel António de Melo, realizing the need of the islanders, ordered, in a May 18 decree, the free distribution of five moios of corn, recommending that they should plead for "divine mercy" while offering his assistance on the island, if his presence would assist their cause. In a letter dated July 23, the municipal chamber accepted the General&#39;s offer of cereal and foodstuffs, but the writer, José Félix Rodrigues Mendes, added:</p><br>
<p>The intent of the request was to free some serfs to assist in the reconstruction, but the Civil Governor and Captain-General, responding in an angry letter, dated October 21, were insulted by the letters signatories, demanding that those who had signed the document should have their functions suspended (resulting in José Félix Rodrigues Mendess suspension from the municipal chamber). Out of personal spite, the Captain-General continued that he: "...had, for similar absurdities, run to ground António Sebastião Espínola for these type of ordinary strategies...you deserve that I order your apprehension and have you arrested on my order...!!!"</p><br>
<h3>Afterwards</h3><br>
<p>Over thirty people were killed as a direct consequence of the eruption, while several of the islands of the Azores were affected by ash showers (Pico, Terceira and São Miguel) from June 5 to June 10, or felt continuous earthquakes during the event (as was the case on Faial and Pico).</p><br>
<p>The several earthquakes that occurred during the events motivated officials in Horta to send personal assistance to the island; in this case a contingent of residents traveled to Velas in order to offer support and their hospitality to many of the local people affected by the crisis.</p><br>
<p>The church&#39;s parish priest, José António de Barcellos, wrote later (per the writings of João Teixeira Soares), that the event was both an act of God and divine providence, since for years he had requested assistance for the construction of a new parish, and received evasive responses. It was during the governance of Captain-General Francisco de Borja Garção Stockler, after the 1808 eruption, that he was able to raise the costs and through sacrifices, construct the new parish.</p><br>
<p>The effects of the eruption even persisted to 1810; in that year, three men were asphyxiated when they attempted to clean a salt-water pool along the Urzelina coast (which they had discovered to have been polluted with ash). During excavations made in June 1877, in addition to many ruins, the house once owned by Jorge Soares de Avelar was discovered.</p><br>
<p>The Kleinrivier Mountains are a mountain range in the Cape Fold Belt of the Western Cape province of South Africa. Kleinrivier means "Small River" in Afrikaans and is named after the river in the area that mouths out near Hermanus where the range begins in the west, then continues eastward to north-east of Stanford and terminates at Akkedisberg Pass. The highest mountain in the range is Maanskynkop  , and dominates the entire Walker Bay coastline. The mountains experience a very mild Mediterranean climate, moderated by cool, moist winds blowing off the South Atlantic Ocean. Although no peaks exceed 1000m, the range is still quite imposing, as it rises very steeply from sea-level.</p><br>
<p>North of the main range, is actually the higher range of the Babilonstoring Mountains (Tower of Babel), which are geologically part of the range, and even though shorter, are higher, with its highest point reaching 1167m. They are more clearly visible south of Caledon, and are traversed by Shaw&#39;s Mountain Pass of the R320.</p><br>
<p>The Kogelberg is a range of mountains along the False Bay coast in the Western Cape of South Africa. They form part of the Cape Fold Belt, starting south of the Elgin valley and forming a steep coastal range as far as Kleinmond.</p><br>
<p>The Kogelberg area has the steepest and highest drop directly into the ocean of any southern African coastal stretch.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>The mountains are made predominantly of Table Mountain Sandstone and form some very rugged terrain, which is extremely rich in fynbos, the native Cape flora. The Elgin Valley&#39;s surrounding mountain ranges are considered the hub of the Cape floral kingdom. They contain more plant species than anywhere else in the floral region, and a large section of the mountain range is now protected in the massive Kogelberg Nature Reserve. The unique local vegetation type is classified as Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos.</p><br>
<p>The climate is Mediterranean, however much milder than average, due to constant maritime winds blowing off the South Atlantic Ocean. Winters are wet to very wet and cool, with summers being dry, warm and windy. Snow occasionally occurs on the highest peaks. The area is protected within the Kogelberg Biosphere Reserve and comprises a core area of 103 629ha of protected land. The highest mountain is Koeëlberg (Bullet Mountain) rising to 1289m above Koeël Bay.</p><br>
<h2>Infrastructure</h2><br>
<p>The R44 route is a scenic ocean drive that follows this section of coastline.</p><br>
<p>Towns and villages in this region include:</p><br>
<p>Rooiels</p><br>
<p>Pringle Bay</p><br>
<p>Betty&#39;s Bay</p><br>
<p>Kleinmond</p><br>
<p>Grabouw</p><br>
